Thyroid Diseases

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Basics

• Summary
• Start Here
• Diagnosis and Tests
• Prevention and Risk Factors
• Treatments and Therapies

Learn More

• Related Issues
• Specifics
• Genetics

See, Play and Learn

• Images

Research

• Clinical Trials
• Journal Articles

Resources

• Reference Desk
• Find an Expert

For You

• Children
• Women
• Older Adults
• Patient Handouts

Summary

Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. Thyroid hormones control the rate of many activities in your body. These include how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats. All of these activities are your body's metabolism.

Thyroid problems include

• Goiter - enlargement of the thyroid gland
• Hyperthyroidism - when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs
• Hypothyroidism - when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones
• Thyroid cancer
• Thyroid nodules - lumps in the thyroid gland
• Thyroiditis - swelling of the thyroid

To diagnose thyroid diseases, doctors use a medical history, physical exam, and thyroid tests. They sometimes also use a biopsy. Treatment depends on the problem, but may include medicines, radioiodine therapy, or thyroid surgery.

Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health

Start Here

• Thyroid Disease (Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid Disease (for Parents) (Nemours Foundation)
• Thyroid Disorders Overview (Hormone Health Network)

Diagnosis and Tests

• Needle Biopsy (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid Antibodies (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid Scan and Uptake (American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid Tests (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
• Thyroxine (T4) Test (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
• Triiodothyronine (T3) Tests (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
• TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) test (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
• Ultrasound - Thyroid (American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America) Also in Spanish
• Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Thyroid (American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America) Also in Spanish

Prevention and Risk Factors

• How to Check Your Thyroid (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists)

Treatments and Therapies

• Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Thyroid Disease (CAM) (American Thyroid Association)
• Thyroid Hormone Treatment (American Thyroid Association) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid Surgery (American Thyroid Association) Also in Spanish
• Thyroidectomy (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish

Related Issues

• Celiac Disease and Thyroid Conditions (Gluten Intolerance Group)
• Pendred Syndrome (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders) Also in Spanish
• Potassium Iodide (KI) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Also in Spanish

Specifics

• Thyroid Nodules (Hormone Health Network) Also in Spanish
• Thyroiditis (American Thyroid Association)

Genetics

• Inherited thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency: MedlinePlus Genetics (National Library of Medicine)
• Pendred syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics (National Library of Medicine)

Images

• Thyroidectomy - slideshow (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish

Clinical Trials

• ClinicalTrials.gov: Goiter (National Institutes of Health)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Thyroid Diseases (National Institutes of Health)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune (National Institutes of Health)

Journal Articles References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)

• Article: Thyroid sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review of reviews.
• Article: Cushing's Syndrome Effects on the Thyroid.
• Article: Thyroid Function Abnormalities in COVID-19 Patients.
• Thyroid Diseases -- see more articles

Reference Desk

• Introduction to the Endocrine System (Hormone Health Network)

Find an Expert

• American Thyroid Association
• Find an Endocrinologist (Hormone Health Network)
• Find an Endocrinology - Thyroid Specialist (American Thyroid Association)
• Find an ENT (American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery)
• Hormone Health Network
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Children

• Childhood Head and Neck Irradiation (American Thyroid Association) - PDF
• Thyroid Disorders (For Kids) (Nemours Foundation)

Women

• Postpartum Thyroiditis (American Thyroid Association) - PDF
• Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)

Older Adults

• Thyroid Disease in the Older Patient (American Thyroid Association)
• Thyroid Problems (AGS Foundation for Health in Aging)

Patient Handouts

• Antithyroglobulin antibody (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Antithyroid microsomal antibody (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Goiter (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Radioactive iodine uptake (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Silent thyroiditis (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Subacute thyroiditis (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• T3 test (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• T4 test (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid gland removal (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid nodule (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid storm (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Thyroid Tests (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
• TSH test (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish