Heart bypass surgery - minimally invasive

To perform this surgery:

• The heart surgeon will make a 3- to 5-inch (about 8 to 13 centimeters) surgical cut in the left part of your chest between your ribs to reach your heart.
• Muscles in the area will be pushed apart. A small part of the front of the rib, called the costal cartilage, will be removed.
• The surgeon will then find and prepare an artery on your chest wall (internal mammary artery) to attach to your coronary artery that is blocked.
• Next, the surgeon will use sutures to connect the prepared chest artery to the coronary artery that is blocked.

You will not be on a heart-lung machine for this surgery. However, you will have general anesthesia so you will be asleep and not feel pain. A device will be attached to your heart to stabilize it. You will also receive medicine to slow the heart down.

You may have a tube in your chest for drainage of fluid. This will be removed in a day or two.

Your health care provider may recommend a minimally invasive coronary artery bypass if you have a blockage in one or two coronary arteries, most often in the front of the heart.

When one or more of the coronary arteries become partly or totally blocked, your heart may not get enough blood. This is called ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease. It can cause chest pain (angina or a heart attack).

Your provider may have first tried to treat you with medicines. You may have also tried cardiac rehabilitation or other treatments, such as angioplasty with stenting.

Coronary artery disease varies from person to person. Heart bypass surgery is just one type of treatment. It is not right for everyone.

Surgeries or procedures that may be done instead of minimally invasive heart bypass are:

• Angioplasty and stent placement
• Coronary artery bypass

Your provider will talk to you about the risks of surgery. In general, the complications of minimally invasive coronary artery bypass are lower than with open coronary artery bypass surgery.

Risks related to any surgery include:

• Blood clots in the legs that may travel to the lungs
• Blood loss
• Breathing problems
• Heart attack or stroke
• Infection of the lungs, urinary tract, and chest
• Temporary or permanent brain injury

Possible risks of coronary artery bypass include:

• Memory loss, loss of mental clarity, or "fuzzy thinking." This is less common in people who have minimally invasive coronary artery bypass than in people who have open coronary artery bypass.
• Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmia).
• A chest wound infection. This is more likely to happen if you are obese, have diabetes, or have had coronary bypass surgery in the past.
• Low-grade fever and chest pain (together called postpericardiotomy syndrome), which can last up to 6 months.
• Pain at the site of the cut.
• Possible need to convert to conventional procedure with bypass machine during surgery.

Tell your surgeon or nurse if:

• You are or could be pregnant
• You are taking any medicines, including medicines, drugs, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription
• You have been drinking a lot of alcohol, more than 1 or 2 drinks a day

Planning for your surgery:

• If you have diabetes, heart disease, or other medical conditions, your surgeon may ask you to see the provider who treats you for these conditions.
• If you smoke, it's important to cut back or quit. Smoking can slow healing and increase the risk for blood clots. Ask your provider for help quitting smoking.
• If needed, prepare your home to make it easier to recover after surgery.
• Ask your surgeon if you need to arrange to have someone drive you home after your surgery.

During the week before your surgery:

• You may be asked to temporarily stop taking medicines that keep your blood from clotting. These medicines are called blood thinners. This includes over-the-counter medicines and supplements such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), and vitamin E. Many prescription medicines are also blood thinners.
• Ask your surgeon which medicines you should still take on the day of surgery.
• Let your surgeon know about any illness you may have before your surgery. This includes COVID-19, a cold, flu, fever, herpes outbreak, or other illness. If you do get sick, your surgery may need to be postponed.

The day before your surgery:

• Shower and shampoo well.
• You may be asked to wash your whole body below your neck with a special soap. Scrub your chest 2 or 3 times with this soap.

On the day of surgery:

• Follow instructions about when to stop eating and drinking.
• Take the medicines your surgeon told you to take with a small sip of water.
• Follow instructions on when to arrive at the hospital. Be sure to arrive on time.

You may be able to leave the hospital 2 or 3 days after your surgery. Your surgeon or nurse will tell you how to care for yourself at home. You may be able to return to normal activities after 2 or 3 weeks.

Recovery from surgery takes time, and you may not see the full benefits of your surgery for 3 to 6 months. In most people who have heart bypass surgery, the grafts remain open and work well for many years.

This surgery does not prevent a blockage from coming back. However, you can take steps to slow it down. Things you can do include:

• Do not smoke.
• Eat a heart-healthy diet.
• Get regular exercise.
• Treat high blood pressure, high blood sugar (if you have diabetes), and high cholesterol.

You may be more likely to have problems with your blood vessels if you have kidney disease or other medical problems.

Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass; MIDCAB; Robot-assisted coronary artery bypass; RACAB; Keyhole heart surgery; CAD - MIDCAB; Coronary artery disease - MIDCAB

Chinedozi ID, Chen EP, Lawton JS. Acquired heart disease: Coronary artery disease. In: Tyler DS, Hayes-Dixon A, Hines OJ, et al, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026:chap 111.

Hosoyama K, Maeda K, Saiki Y, Ruel M. Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. In: Sellke FW, Ruel M, eds. Atlas of Cardiac Surgical Techniques. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026:chap 6.

Qureshi SH, Guo MH, Ruel M. Less-invasive and robotic approaches to coronary artery bypass grafting. In: Sellke FW, del Nido PJ, Swanson SJ, eds. Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 94.

Writing Committee Members; Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79 (2):e21-e129. PMID: 34895950 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34895950/.

Updated by: Mary C. Mancini, MD, PhD, Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Shreveport, LA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.