Parathyroid Disorders

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Basics

• Summary
• Start Here
• Diagnosis and Tests
• Treatments and Therapies

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• Related Issues
• Specifics
• Genetics

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Research

• Clinical Trials
• Journal Articles

Resources

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• Patient Handouts

Summary

Most people have four pea-sized glands, called parathyroid glands, on the thyroid gland in the neck. Though their names are similar, the thyroid and parathyroid glands are completely different. The parathyroid glands make parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps your body keep the right balance of calcium and phosphorous.

If your parathyroid glands make too much or too little hormone, it disrupts this balance. If they secrete extra PTH, you have hyperparathyroidism, and your blood calcium rises. In many cases, a benign tumor on a parathyroid gland makes it overactive. Or, the extra hormones can come from enlarged parathyroid glands. Very rarely, the cause is cancer.

If you do not have enough PTH, you have hypoparathyroidism. Your blood will have too little calcium and too much phosphorous. Causes include injury to the glands, endocrine disorders, or genetic conditions. Treatment is aimed at restoring the balance of calcium and phosphorous.

NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Start Here

• About the Parathyroid Glands (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists)
• General Information about Parathyroid Cancer (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish
• Hypoparathyroidism (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)
• Primary Hyperparathyroidism (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)

Diagnosis and Tests

• Calcium Test (American Association for Clinical Chemistry)
• How Do Health Care Providers Diagnose Hypoparathyroidism? (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)
• Phosphorus Test (American Association for Clinical Chemistry)
• PTH Test (American Association for Clinical Chemistry)
• Stages of Parathyroid Cancer (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish
• Vitamin D Test (American Association for Clinical Chemistry)

Treatments and Therapies

• How Is Hypoparathyroidism Treated? (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)
• Parathyroid Cancer Treatment (National Cancer Institute)
• Parathyroidectomy - slideshow (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Treatment Option Overview (Parathyroid Cancer) (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish

Related Issues

• Endocrinologist: What Is an Endocrinologist? (Hormone Health Network)
• High Blood Calcium (Hypercalcemia) (Hormone Health Network) - PDF Also in Spanish
• Hypercalcemia (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

Specifics

• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
• Primary Hyperparathyroidism (Hormone Health Network) - PDF - In English and Spanish

Genetics

• Genetics Home Reference: familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (National Library of Medicine)
• Genetics Home Reference: hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (National Library of Medicine)
• Genetics Home Reference: multiple endocrine neoplasia (National Library of Medicine)
• Learning about Velocardiofacial Syndrome (National Human Genome Research Institute)

Clinical Trials

• ClinicalTrials.gov: Hyperparathyroidism (National Institutes of Health)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Hypoparathyroidism (National Institutes of Health)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (National Institutes of Health)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Parathyroid Diseases (National Institutes of Health)

Journal Articles References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)

• Article: Systematic review of surgical and medical treatment for tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
• Article: Low-grade inflammation and tryptophan-kynurenine pathway activation are associated with adverse...
• Article: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with extensive intracranial calcification in children: First report...
• Parathyroid Disorders -- see more articles

Reference Desk

• Endocrine System (For Parents) (Nemours Foundation) Also in Spanish

Find an Expert

• Find an Endocrinologist (Hormone Health Network)
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Patient Handouts

• Calcium - ionized (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Calcium - urine (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Calcium blood test (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Hypercalcemia - discharge (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Hyperparathyroidism (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Hypoparathyroidism (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Parathyroid adenoma (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Parathyroid biopsy (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Parathyroid cancer (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Parathyroid gland removal (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish