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Summary
Multiple myeloma is a cancer that begins in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These cells are part of your immune system, which helps protect the body from germs and other harmful substances. In time, myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow and in the solid parts of bones.
No one knows the exact causes of multiple myeloma, but it is more common in older people and African Americans. It can run in families. Common symptoms may include:
- Bone pain, often in the back or ribs
- Fractures (broken bones)
- Weakness or fatigue
- Weight loss
- Frequent infections and fevers
- Feeling very thirsty
- Frequent urination
Doctors diagnose multiple myeloma using lab tests, imaging tests, and a bone marrow biopsy. Your treatment depends on how advanced the disease is and whether you have symptoms. If you have no symptoms, you may not need treatment right away. If you have symptoms, you may have chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, or targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.
NIH: National Cancer Institute
Symptoms
- Multiple Myeloma Symptoms and Causes (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)
Diagnosis and Tests
- Beta 2 Microglobulin (B2M) Tumor Marker Test (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
- Blood Count Tests: MedlinePlus Health Topic (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
- Bone Marrow Test (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
- Can Multiple Myeloma Be Found Early? (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
- Free Light Chains (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
- Protein Electrophoresis by Immunofixation Blood Test (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
- Stages of Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Including Multiple Myeloma) (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish
- Tests to Find Multiple Myeloma (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
- Tumor Marker Tests (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
- Understanding Your Test Results (International Myeloma Foundation) - PDF
Treatments and Therapies
- Bone Marrow Transplantation: MedlinePlus Health Topic (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
- Drugs Approved for Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms (National Cancer Institute)
- Integrative Medicine and Complementary and Alternative Therapies (Leukemia & Lymphoma Society) Also in Spanish
- Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Including Multiple Myeloma) Treatment (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish
- Stem Cell Transplants in Cancer Treatment (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish
Living With
- Living as a Multiple Myeloma Survivor (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
Related Issues
- Amyloidosis (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish
- Monoclonal Gammopathies (Johns Hopkins Medicine)
- Questions to Ask about Multiple Myeloma (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
- Risk Factors for Multiple Myeloma (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
- What Causes Multiple Myeloma? (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
Genetics
- Multiple myeloma: MedlinePlus Genetics (National Library of Medicine)
Statistics and Research
- Key Statistics about Multiple Myeloma (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
- Myeloma (National Cancer Institute)
- Pomalidomide Plus Low-Dose Dexamethasone Improves Survival for Patients with Multiple Myeloma (National Cancer Institute)
- What's New in Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatment? (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
Clinical Trials
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Multiple Myeloma (National Institutes of Health)
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Plasmacytoma (National Institutes of Health)
Journal Articles References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)
- Article: Belantamab mafodotin, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone for triple class exposed/refractory relapsed multiple...
- Article: The TGFβ type I receptor kinase inhibitor vactosertib in combination with...
- Article: Efficacy of CARVYKTI in CARTITUDE-4 versus other conventional treatment regimens for...
- Multiple Myeloma -- see more articles
Find an Expert
- American Cancer Society
- Choosing a Cancer Doctor (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish
- National Cancer Institute Also in Spanish
- NCI - Designated Cancer Centers (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish
Patient Handouts
- Bone marrow transplant (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
- Multiple myeloma (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
- Protein electrophoresis - serum (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
- Quantitative Bence-Jones protein test (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
- Serum globulin electrophoresis (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish