Absent pulmonary valve

Absent pulmonary valve occurs when the pulmonary valve does not form or develops poorly while a baby is in the mother's womb. When present, it often occurs as part of a heart condition called tetralogy of Fallot. It is found in about 3% to 6% of people who have tetralogy of Fallot.

When the pulmonary valve is missing or does not work well, blood does not flow efficiently to the lungs to get enough oxygen.

In most cases, there is also a hole between the left and right ventricles of the heart (ventricular septal defect). This defect will also lead to low-oxygen blood being pumped out to the body.

The skin will have a blue appearance (cyanosis), because the body's blood contains a low amount of oxygen.

Absent pulmonary valve also results in very enlarged (dilated) branch pulmonary arteries (the arteries that carry blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen). They can become so enlarged that they press on the tubes that bring the oxygen into the lungs (bronchi). This causes breathing problems.

Other heart defects that can occur with absent pulmonary valve include:

• Abnormal tricuspid valve
• Atrial septal defect
• Double outlet right ventricle
• Endocardial cushion defect
• Marfan syndrome
• Patent ductus arteriosus
• Tricuspid atresia
• Absent left pulmonary artery

Heart problems that occur with absent pulmonary valve may be due to defects in certain genes.

Symptoms can vary depending on which other defects the infant has, but may include:

• Blue coloring to the skin (cyanosis)
• Coughing
• Faltering weight
• Poor appetite
• Rapid breathing
• Respiratory failure
• Wheezing

Absent pulmonary valve may be diagnosed before the baby is born with a test that uses sound waves to create an image of the heart (fetal echocardiogram).

During an exam, the health care provider may hear a murmur in the infant's chest.

Tests for absent pulmonary valve include:

• Heart CT scan
• Chest x-ray
• Echocardiogram
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) test to measure the electrical activity of the heart
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart

Infants who have respiratory symptoms typically need surgery early. Infants without severe symptoms most often have surgery within the first 3 to 6 months of life or later.

Depending on the type of other heart defects the infant has, surgery may involve:

• Closing the hole in the wall between the left and right ventricles of the heart (ventricular septal defect)
• Closing a blood vessel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery (ductus arteriosus)
• Enlarging the flow from the right ventricle to the lungs

Types of surgery for absent pulmonary valve include:

• Moving the pulmonary artery to the front of the aorta and away from the airways
• Rebuilding the artery wall in the lungs to reduce pressure on the airways (pulmonary plication and reduction arterioplasty)
• Rebuilding the windpipe and breathing tubes to the lungs
• Replacing the abnormal pulmonary valve with one taken from human or animal tissue

Infants with severe breathing symptoms may need to get oxygen or be placed on a breathing machine (ventilator) before and after surgery.

Without surgery, there may be a risk for serious consequences.

In many cases, surgery can treat the condition and relieve symptoms. Outcomes are most often very good.

Complications may include:

• Brain infection (abscess)
• Lung collapse (atelectasis)
• Pneumonia
• Right-sided heart failure
• Stroke

Contact your child's provider if your infant has symptoms of absent pulmonary valve. If you have a family history of heart defects, talk to your provider before or during pregnancy.

Although there is no way to prevent this condition, families may be evaluated to determine their risk for congenital defects.

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome; Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve; Pulmonary valve agenesis; Cyanotic heart disease - pulmonary valve; Congenital heart disease - pulmonary valve; Birth defect heart - pulmonary valve

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Updated by: Thomas S. Metkus MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.