Infertility

On this page

Basics

• Summary
• Start Here
• Diagnosis and Tests
• Prevention and Risk Factors
• Treatments and Therapies

Learn More

• Living With
• Related Issues
• Genetics

See, Play and Learn

• Videos and Tutorials

Research

• Statistics and Research
• Clinical Trials
• Journal Articles

Resources

• Find an Expert

For You

• Men
• Women
• Patient Handouts

Summary

Infertility means not being able to become pregnant after a year of trying. If a woman can get pregnant but keeps having miscarriages or stillbirths, that's also called infertility.

Infertility is fairly common. After one year of having unprotected sex, about 15 percent of couples are unable to get pregnant. About a third of the time, infertility can be traced to the woman. In another third of cases, it is because of the man. The rest of the time, it is because of both partners or no cause can be found.

There are treatments that are specifically for men or for women. Some involve both partners. Drugs, assisted reproductive technology, and surgery are common treatments. Happily, many couples treated for infertility go on to have babies.

NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Start Here

• Defining Infertility (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) - PDF
• Infertility (American Academy of Family Physicians)
• Infertility (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish
• Infertility and Fertility (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)
• Infertility FAQs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• Optimizing Natural Fertility (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) Also in Spanish
• Pregnancy Problems? Boost the Chance of Having a Baby (National Institutes of Health) Also in Spanish

Diagnosis and Tests

• How Is Infertility Diagnosed? (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) Also in Spanish
• Prerequisite Testing for Infertility Treatment (Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology)

Prevention and Risk Factors

• Protect Your Fertility (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) - PDF

Treatments and Therapies

• Assisted Reproductive Technology: MedlinePlus Health Topic (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish
• Fertility Herbs: Do They Enhance Fertility? (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish
• Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish
• What Infertility Treatments Are Available? (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) Also in Spanish

Living With

• Infertility Counseling and Support: When and Where to Find It (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) - PDF
• Psychological Component of Infertility (American Society for Reproductive Medicine)
• Stress and Infertility (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) - PDF Also in Spanish

Related Issues

• Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and Cancer (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish
• Fertility Drugs and the Risk of Multiple Births (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) - PDF Also in Spanish
• Reproductive Aging in Women (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) - PDF
• Sexual Dysfunction and Infertility (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) Also in Spanish
• STDs and Infertility (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• Weight and Fertility (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) Also in Spanish
• What Is Fertility Preservation? (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) Also in Spanish

Genetics

• androgen insensitivity syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics (National Library of Medicine)

Videos and Tutorials

• Understanding Infertility -- The Basics (American Society for Reproductive Medicine)

Statistics and Research

• High Plasticizer Levels In Males Linked to Delayed Pregnancy for Female Partners (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)
• Infertility Research at the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)

Clinical Trials

• ClinicalTrials.gov: Artificial Insemination (National Institutes of Health)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Fertility (National Institutes of Health)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Fertilization in Vitro (National Institutes of Health)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Infertility (National Institutes of Health)

Journal Articles References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)

• Article: Chinese herbal medicine for assisted reproduction technology: A protocol for a...
• Article: Non-essential treatment? Sub-fertility in the time of COVID-19 (and beyond).
• Article: SARS-CoV-2 testing in infertile patients: different recommendations in Europe and America.
• Infertility -- see more articles

Find an Expert

• Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) Also in Spanish
• Find a Urologist (Urology Care Foundation)
• womenshealth.gov (Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health) Also in Spanish

Men

• Male Infertility: MedlinePlus Health Topic (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish

Women

• Female Infertility: MedlinePlus Health Topic (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish

Patient Handouts

• Androgen insensitivity syndrome (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Infertility (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish