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Birth defects (such as hypertelorism, Crouzon's disease, Apert's syndrome)
Injuries to the head, face, or jaws (maxillofacial)
Tumors
Deformities caused by treatments of tumors
Review Date 5/6/2025
Updated by: Tang Ho, MD, Associate Professor, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.