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Zinc

¿Qué es?

El zinc es un oligoelemento esencial que se encuentra comúnmente en las carnes rojas, las aves y el pescado. Es necesario en pequeñas cantidades para la salud, el crecimiento y el sentido del gusto humanos.

El zinc se encuentra en todo el cuerpo. El cuerpo no almacena el exceso de zinc, por lo que debe obtenerse de la dieta. Es necesario para la función inmunológica, la cicatrización de heridas, la coagulación de la sangre, la función tiroidea y mucho más. También juega un papel clave en el mantenimiento de la visión y podría tener efectos contra los virus.

Las personas comúnmente usan zinc para la deficiencia de zinc, la diarrea y la enfermedad de Wilson. El zinc también se usa para el acné, la diabetes, la anorexia, las quemaduras y muchos otros propósitos. Existe cierta evidencia científica que respalda su uso para algunas de estas condiciones. Pero para la mayoría, no existe una buena evidencia científica que respalde su uso. Tampoco hay buena evidencia que respalde el uso de zinc para COVID-19.

¿Qué tan efectivo es?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación.

La clasificación de la eficacia para este producto es la siguiente:

Eficaz para...

  • Deficiencia de zinc. La ingesta de zinc o la administración intravenosa de zinc ayuda a restaurar los niveles de zinc en personas con deficiencia de zinc. Pero no se recomienda tomar suplementos de zinc con regularidad. Los productos intravenosos solo pueden ser administrados por un proveedor de atención médica.

Probablemente eficaz para...

  • Diarrea. La ingesta de zinc reduce la duración y la gravedad de la diarrea en los niños desnutridos. 20 mg de zinc al día es la dosis que se usa con más frecuencia. Pero las dosis de 5 a 10 mg también parecen funcionar y provocan menos vómitos.
  • Un trastorno hereditario que hace que el cobre se acumule en muchos órganos (enfermedad de Wilson). La ingesta de zinc mejora los síntomas de esta condición. El zinc bloquea la cantidad de cobre que se absorbe y aumenta la cantidad de cobre que libera el cuerpo.

Posiblemente eficaz para...

  • Acné. La ingesta de zinc parece ayudar a tratar el acné. Pero no está claro cómo se compara el zinc con los medicamentos para el acné como la tetraciclina o la minociclina. La aplicación de zinc en la piel solo en una pomada no parece ayudar.
  • Un trastorno de la deficiencia de zinc (acrodermatitis enteropática). La ingesta de zinc parece ayudar a mejorar los síntomas de esta condición.
  • Una enfermedad ocular que conduce a la pérdida de la visión en los adultos mayores (degeneración macular relacionada con la edad o AMD). La ingesta de zinc, especialmente con vitaminas antioxidantes, podría ayudar a retrasar la pérdida de la visión y evitar que la pérdida de la visión relacionada con la edad avance en personas con alto riesgo.
  • Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH). En los niños, la ingesta de zinc junto con medicamentos para el TDAH podría ayudar a reducir ciertos síntomas del TDAH.
  • Crecimiento infantil. Tomar zinc por vía oral durante el embarazo parece ayudar a mejorar el crecimiento del bebé durante el primer año de vida. En los niños, la ingesta de zinc podría mejorar modestamente el crecimiento.
  • Resfriado comun. Chupar pastillas que contienen gluconato de zinc o acetato de zinc ayuda a acortar la duración de un resfriado en los adultos. Pero no está claro si el zinc ayuda a prevenir los resfriados.
  • Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Tomar zinc por vía oral o administrar zinc por vía intravenosa podría reducir la posibilidad de muerte en personas ingresadas en el hospital por COVID-19. Pero tomar zinc por vía oral no parece acelerar la recuperación de la COVID-19 en personas que no han sido hospitalizadas.
  • Depresión. La ingesta de zinc junto con antidepresivos parece mejorar la depresión. También podría ayudar a las personas que no responden al tratamiento con antidepresivos solos.
  • Diabetes. La ingesta de zinc podría ayudar a mejorar el control del azúcar en sangre en una pequeña cantidad en personas con diabetes.
  • Sarpullido por el pañal. Dar gluconato de zinc por vía oral a los bebés parece ayudar a curar la dermatitis del pañal. La aplicación de pasta de óxido de zinc también parece ayudar. Pero no parece funcionar tan bien como aplicar una solución de eosina al 2%.
  • Una forma leve de enfermedad de las encías (gingivitis). El uso de pastas dentales que contienen zinc, con o sin un agente antibacteriano, parece ayudar a prevenir la gingivitis.
  • Mal aliento. Masticar chicle, chupar un caramelo o usar un enjuague bucal que contenga zinc reduce el mal aliento.
  • Herpes labial (herpes labial). La aplicación de sulfato de zinc u óxido de zinc en la piel, solos o con otros ingredientes, parece reducir la duración y la gravedad del herpes labial.
  • Disminución de la capacidad para saborear (hipogeusia). La ingesta de zinc mejora la capacidad de saborear los alimentos en la mayoría de las personas que padecen esta condición.
  • Infección cutánea causada por parásitos de Leishmania (lesiones de Leishmania). La ingesta de sulfato de zinc o la inyección como solución en las lesiones ayuda a curar las lesiones en personas con esta condición. Pero no parece funcionar tan bien como los tratamientos convencionales. Las inyecciones solo deben ser administradas por un proveedor de atención médica.
  • Lepra. La ingesta de zinc en combinación con medicamentos contra la lepra parece ayudar a tratar la lepra.
  • Bebés que nacen con un peso inferior a 2500 gramos (5 libras, 8 onzas). Dar zinc por vía oral a estos bebés parece ayudar a aumentar el peso y la altura. Pero no está claro si el zinc puede mejorar el desarrollo o las tasas de supervivencia en estos bebés. Además, tomar zinc durante el embarazo no parece ayudar a aumentar el peso del bebé al nacer.
  • Úlceras estomacales. La ingesta de acexamato de zinc parece ayudar a tratar y prevenir las úlceras de estómago.
  • Neumonía. La ingesta de zinc podría ayudar a prevenir la neumonía en algunos niños. Pero no parece ayudar a los niños que ya tienen neumonía.
  • Crecimiento y desarrollo en bebés prematuros. Dar zinc por vía oral a estos bebés parece ayudar a aumentar el peso y la altura. Pero tomar zinc durante el embarazo no parece ayudar a aumentar el peso del bebé al nacer.
  • Úlceras por presión (úlceras por presión). La aplicación de pasta de zinc en la piel parece ayudar a curar las úlceras de decúbito. Tomar zinc por vía oral junto con vitamina C y arginina también podría ayudar.
  • Enfermedad de célula falciforme. La ingesta de zinc parece ayudar a reducir los síntomas de la anemia de células falciformes en personas con deficiencia de zinc.
  • Verrugas. La aplicación de un ungüento de zinc parece ser tan eficaz como los tratamientos convencionales para curar las verrugas. La ingesta de sulfato de zinc también parece ayudar.

Posiblemente ineficaz para...

  • Caída del cabello en parches (alopecia areata). La ingesta de zinc no parece ayudar con la caída del cabello.
  • Fibrosis quística. La ingesta de zinc no mejora la función pulmonar en niños o adolescentes con fibrosis quística.
  • VIH / SIDA. La ingesta de zinc no mejora la función inmunológica ni reduce el riesgo de muerte en personas con VIH.
  • Complicaciones del embarazo en personas con VIH / SIDA. La ingesta de zinc durante el embarazo no parece reducir el riesgo de transmitir el VIH al bebé ni prevenir otras complicaciones.
  • Pérdida de peso involuntaria en las personas con VIH/SIDA. La ingesta de zinc no parece prevenir la diarrea o la muerte en las personas con esta afección.
  • Desarrollo infantil. Dar zinc por vía oral a bebés o niños en riesgo de tener niveles bajos de zinc no parece mejorar el desarrollo. Pero la ingesta de zinc durante el embarazo podría aumentar el crecimiento del niño durante el primer año de vida.
  • Hinchazón (inflamación) prolongada en el tracto digestivo (enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal o EII). La ingesta de zinc no parece ayudar a tratar la EII.
  • Gripe (influenza). La ingesta de zinc no parece mejorar la función inmunológica contra la gripe.
  • Infección del oído (otitis media). La ingesta de zinc no parece prevenir las infecciones de oído en los niños.
  • Una complicación del embarazo caracterizada por presión arterial alta y proteínas en la orina (preeclampsia). La ingesta de zinc no parece reducir el riesgo de hipertensión durante el embarazo.
  • Cancer de prostata. La ingesta de zinc no parece reducir el riesgo de contraer cáncer de próstata.
  • Piel escamosa y con picazón (psoriasis). La ingesta de zinc no parece ayudar a tratar la psoriasis.
  • Artritis reumatoide (AR). La ingesta de zinc no parece ayudar a tratar la artritis reumatoide.
  • Problemas sexuales que impiden la satisfacción durante la actividad sexual. La ingesta de zinc no mejora la función sexual en hombres con disfunción sexual relacionada con enfermedad renal.
  • Zumbido en los oídos (tinnitus). La ingesta de zinc no parece ayudar a tratar los zumbidos en los oídos.

Probablemente ineficaz para...

  • Malaria. La ingesta de zinc no ayuda a prevenir ni a tratar la malaria en los niños desnutridos de los países en desarrollo ni en adultos embarazadas.
Existe interés en usar zinc para otros propósitos, pero no hay suficiente información confiable para decir si podría ser útil.

¿Es seguro?

Cuando se toma por vía oral: El zinc es probablemente seguro cuando se usa en cantidades no mayores de 40 mg al día. Es posible que sea seguro cuando se toma en dosis más grandes, especialmente cuando se usa solo por un período corto de tiempo. Pero tomar dosis mayores de 40 mg al día podría disminuir la cantidad de cobre que absorbe el cuerpo. Es probable que tomar dosis muy altas de zinc no sea seguro y podría causar dolor de estómago, vómitos y muchos otros problemas. Dosis únicas de 10 a 30 gramos de zinc pueden ser fatales.

Cuando se aplica sobre la piel: El zinc probablemente sea seguro. El uso de zinc en la piel lesionada puede causar ardor, escozor, picazón y hormigueo.

Cuando se inhala: El zinc posiblemente no sea seguro cuando se inhala por la nariz. Podría provocar una pérdida permanente del olfato. Evite el uso de aerosoles nasales que contengan zinc.

Advertencias y precauciones especiales:

Embarazo: Es probable que el zinc sea seguro cuando se usa en las cantidades recomendadas durante el embarazo. Pero probablemente no sea seguro cuando se usa en dosis altas. Las personas mayores de 18 años no deben tomar más de 40 mg de zinc al día, y las de 14 a 18 años no deben tomar más de 34 mg al día durante el embarazo.

Lactancia: Es probable que el zinc sea seguro cuando se usa en las cantidades recomendadas durante la lactancia. Pero el zinc posiblemente no sea seguro cuando se usa en dosis altas. Los mayores de 18 años no deben tomar más de 40 mg de zinc al día, y los de 14 a 18 años no deben tomar más de 34 mg al día durante la lactancia.

Niños: Es probable que el zinc sea seguro cuando se ingiere adecuadamente en las cantidades recomendadas. Las dosis diarias de zinc no deben exceder los 4 mg al día en bebés de 0 a 6 meses, 5 mg al día en bebés de 7 a 12 meses, 7 mg al día en niños de 1 a 3 años, 12 mg al día en niños de 4 a 8 años , 23 mg al día en niños de 9 a 13 años y 34 mg al día en los de 14 a 18 años. En los bebés, posiblemente no sea seguro aplicar zinc tópico en la piel lesionada. El zinc puede absorberse a través de las heridas de la piel y causar efectos adversos graves.

Trastorno por consumo de alcohol: Usoexcesivo de alcohol a largo plazo puede reducir la capacidad del cuerpo para absorber zinc.

Cirugía para bajar de peso (cirugía bariátrica): La cirugía bariátrica reduce la absorción de zinc y podría aumentar el riesgo de deficiencia de zinc. Es posible que sea necesario controlar los niveles de zinc.

Deficiencia de cobre: La ingesta excesiva de zinc puede provocar una deficiencia de cobre. Las personas con deficiencia de cobre preexistente o factores de riesgo de deficiencia de cobre, como desnutrición o cirugía gastrointestinal, pueden tener un mayor riesgo.

Enfermedad renal: La baja ingesta de zinc en la dieta podría aumentar el riesgo de contraer enfermedades renales. Además, las personas con enfermedad renal que se someten a hemodiálisis corren el riesgo de tener deficiencia de zinc y pueden necesitar suplementos de zinc.

Vegetarianismo: Las dietas vegetarianas a menudo se relacionan con una menor absorción de zinc. Pero el cuerpo se adapta con el tiempo. Mejora la absorción de zinc y la reducción de la pérdida de zinc.

¿Existen interacciones con medicamentos?

Moderadas
Tenga cuidado con esta combinación
Antibióticos (antibióticos de tetraciclina)
El zinc puede disminuir la cantidad de tetraciclinas que absorbe el cuerpo. La ingesta de zinc con tetraciclinas podría disminuir los efectos de las tetraciclinas. Para evitar esta interacción, tome tetraciclinas 2 horas antes o 4-6 horas después de tomar suplementos de zinc.
Antibióticos (antibióticos quinolónicos)
El zinc podría disminuir la cantidad de antibiótico que el cuerpo absorbe del intestino. La ingesta de zinc junto con antibióticos quinolónicos podría disminuir los efectos de estos antibióticos. Para evitar esta interacción, tome antibióticos al menos 2 horas antes o 4-6 horas después de los suplementos de zinc.
Cefalexina (Keflex)
El zinc puede reducir la cantidad de cefalexina que absorbe el cuerpo. Esto podría disminuir la eficacia de la cefalexina para tratar infecciones. Para evitar esta interacción, tome zinc 3 horas después de tomar cefalexina.
Cisplatin (Platinol-AQ)
El cisplatino se usa para tratar el cáncer. La ingesta de zinc junto con cisplatino podría inactivar la terapia con cisplatino. Pero no está claro si esto es una gran preocupación.
Medicamentos para el VIH / SIDA (inhibidores de la integrasa)
La ingesta de zinc junto con inhibidores de la integrasa podría disminuir los niveles sanguíneos de inhibidores de la integrasa. Esto podría disminuir los efectos de estos medicamentos. Hable con su proveedor de atención médica si está usando inhibidores de la integrasa y desea comenzar a tomar zinc.
Penicilamina (Cuprimina, Depen)
El zinc podría disminuir la cantidad de penicilamina que absorbe el cuerpo. La ingesta de zinc con penicilamina podría disminuir los efectos de la penicilamina. Tome zinc y penicilamina con al menos 2 horas de diferencia.
Ritonavir (Norvir)
El ritonavir es un medicamento que se usa para la infección por VIH. El zinc puede reducir la cantidad de ritonavir que absorbe el cuerpo. Pero no está claro si esto es una gran preocupación.
Menores
Preste atención a esta combinación
Amilorida (Midamor)
La amilorida puede aumentar la cantidad de zinc en el cuerpo. La ingesta de suplementos de zinc con amilorida podría aumentar los niveles de zinc. Pero no es probable que esto sea una gran preocupación para la mayoría de las personas.
Atazanavir (Reyataz)
Atazanavir es un medicamento que se usa para la infección por VIH. El zinc disminuye la cantidad de atazanavir que absorbe el cuerpo. Pero el cuerpo aún absorbe suficiente atazanavir para que funcione en el tratamiento del VIH. Por lo tanto, esta interacción probablemente no sea una gran preocupación.

¿Existen interacciones con hierbas y suplementos?

Ácido fólico
Los suplementos de ácido fólico pueden cambiar la absorción de zinc de los alimentos. Pero es poco probable que las dosis suplementarias normales de ácido fólico afecten los niveles de zinc en personas con una ingesta adecuada de zinc en la dieta.
Betacaroteno
Las dosis altas de zinc pueden reducir los niveles sanguíneos de betacaroteno.
Bromelina
El zinc podría reducir los efectos de la bromelina. Pero no es probable que esto sea una gran preocupación.
Café
Tomar zinc con café puede reducir la cantidad de zinc que absorbe el cuerpo.
Calcio
Los suplementos de calcio pueden disminuir la cantidad de zinc que el cuerpo absorbe de los alimentos. Por lo general, esto no parece ser un gran problema. Pero esta interacción puede evitarse tomando suplementos de calcio a la hora de acostarse en lugar de con las comidas.
Cobre
Grandes cantidades de zinc pueden reducir la absorción de cobre. La ingesta de zinc en dosis elevadas puede provocar deficiencia de cobre y anemia. También se han producido algunos signos de deficiencia de cobre en personas que tomaron zinc en dosis de 150 mg al día o más durante 2 años.
Cromo
La ingesta conjunta de cromo y zinc puede reducir la absorción tanto de cromo como de zinc. Probablemente esto no sea una gran preocupación con las dosis habituales de zinc y cromo.
EDTA
El EDTA es un compuesto químico que se administra a las personas para eliminar el exceso de metales del cuerpo, especialmente el plomo. Las dosis altas repetidas de EDTA, como se usa en el tratamiento de quelación, pueden reducir los niveles de zinc en sangre hasta en un 40%. Las personas que reciben terapia de quelación deben ser monitoreadas por deficiencia de zinc.
Hierro
El hierro y el zinc pueden interferir con la absorción del otro. Para evitar este efecto, tome estos suplementos con alimentos.
IP-6 (Ácido fítico)
El ácido fítico que se encuentra naturalmente en los alimentos puede unir el zinc y reducir la cantidad que absorbe el cuerpo. Evite los suplementos de IP-6, que contienen ácido fítico, si tiene otros factores de riesgo de deficiencia de zinc.
Magnesio
Las dosis altas de suplementos de zinc (142 mg / día) o la ingesta alta de zinc de los alimentos (53 mg / día) parecen disminuir los niveles de magnesio. Pero no está claro si esto es una gran preocupación.
Manganeso
La investigación sugiere que los suplementos de zinc pueden aumentar la cantidad de manganeso absorbido de los suplementos.
Riboflavina (Vitamina B2)
La investigación sugiere que la riboflavina puede mejorar la absorción de zinc. Se desconoce la importancia de esto.
Vitamina A
Los suplementos de zinc pueden aumentar los niveles sanguíneos de vitamina A. El zinc podría aumentar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de la vitamina A.
Vitamina D
La vitamina D participa en la absorción de zinc, pero no está claro si la vitamina D mejora la absorción de zinc.

¿Existen interacciones con alimentos?

Tomar zinc con café puede reducir la cantidad de zinc que absorbe el cuerpo.

Comer alimentos que contengan fibra y fitatos, que son sustancias químicas que se encuentran en granos como el maíz, el maíz y el sorgo, también puede reducir la cantidad de zinc que absorbe el cuerpo. Pero el cuerpo generalmente se adapta con el tiempo. La ingesta de proteínas animales puede aumentar la absorción de zinc, mientras que las proteínas vegetales como la soja pueden reducir la absorción.

¿Como se usa normalmente?

El zinc es un nutriente esencial que se encuentra en alimentos como carnes rojas, aves y pescado. La cantidad que se debe consumir a diario se denomina cantidad diaria recomendada (RDA). Para las mujeres de 18 años, la dosis diaria recomendada es de 9 mg, y para las mujeres de 19 años o más, la dosis diaria recomendada es de 8 mg. Para los hombres mayores de 18 años, la dosis diaria recomendada es de 11 mg. Durante el embarazo, la dosis diaria recomendada es de 13 mg en las personas de 18 años y de 11 mg en las de 19 años o más. Durante la lactancia, la dosis diaria recomendada es de 17 mg en los de 18 años y de 12 mg en los de 19 años o más. En los niños, la dosis diaria recomendada depende de la edad.

El zinc también está disponible en suplementos, lociones, geles, ungüentos, enjuagues bucales y muchos otros productos. Hable con un proveedor de atención médica para averiguar qué tipo de producto y dosis podrían ser los mejores para una condición específica.

Otros nombres

Acétate de Zinc, Acexamate de Zinc, Aspartate de Zinc, Atomic Number 30, Chelated Zinc, Chlorure de Zinc, Citrate de Zinc, Gluconate de Zinc, Méthionine de Zinc, Monométhionine de Zinc, Numéro Atomique 30, Orotate de Zinc, Oxyde de Zinc, Picolinate de Zinc, Pyrithione de Zinc, Sulfate de Zinc, Zinc Acetate, Zinc Acetate Hydrate, Zinc Acetylmethionate, Zinc Acexamate, Zinc Aspartate, Zinc carbobenzoxy-beta-alanyltaurinate , Zinc Chelate, Zinc Chloride, Zinc Citrate, Zinc Difumarate Hydrate, Zinc Gluconate, Zinc Glycinate, Zinc Methionine, Zinc Monomethionine, Zinc Murakab, Zinc Nicotinate, Zinc Orotate, Zinc Oxide, Zinc Picolinate, Zinc Pyrithione, Zinc Sulfate, Zinc Sulphate, Zincum Aceticum, Zincum Gluconicum, Zincum Metallicum, Zincum Valerianicum, Zn.

Metodología

Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales.

Referencias

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Documento revisado - 07/09/2024