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Tiamina

¿Qué es?

La tiamina es una vitamina, también llamada vitamina B1. La vitamina B1 se encuentra en muchos alimentos como la levadura, los granos de cereales, los frijoles, las nueces y la carne. La riboflavina es con frecuencia utilizada en combinación con otras vitaminas B en productos de vitaminas del complejo B. Se utiliza a menudo en combinación con otras vitaminas B y se encuentra en muchos productos de vitamina del complejo B. El complejo de vitamina B generalmente incluye la vitamina B1 (tiamina), la vitamina B2 (riboflavina), la vitamina B3 (niacina/niacinamida), la vitamina B5 (ácido pantoténico), la vitamina B6 (piridoxina), la vitamina B12 (cianocobalamina) y el ácido fólico. Sin embargo, algunos productos no contienen todos estos ingredientes y algunos pueden incluir otros, como la biotina, el ácido para-aminobenzoico (PABA), el bitartrato de colina y el inositol.

La gente toma tiamina para las enfermedades producidas por un bajo nivel de tiamina (síndromes de deficiencia de tiamina), incluyendo el beriberi y la inflamación de los nervios que están en el exterior del cerebro (neuritis periférica).

La tiamina también se utiliza para estimular el sistema inmunitario, para tratar los problemas digestivos, el dolor por diabetes, la cardiopatía y otras condiciones; aunque no existe buena evidencia científica para apoyar estos usos.

Los proveedores de salud dan inyecciones de tiamina para un trastorno de la memoria llamado síndrome de encefalopatía de Wernicke, para otros síndromes de deficiencia de tiamina en personas muy enfermas y para la abstinencia al alcohol.

¿Qué tan efectivo es?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación.

La clasificación de la eficacia para este producto es la siguiente:

Eficaz para...

  • Carencia de tiamina. La ingesta de tiamina ayuda a prevenir y tratar la carencia de magnesio.
  • Trastorno cerebral debido a la carencia de tiamina (síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff). La tiamina ayuda a disminuir el riesgo y los síntomas de un trastorno cerebral llamado síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff (WKS). Este trastorno en el cerebro se relaciona con los bajos niveles de tiamina. A menudo se ve en los alcohólicos. El poner inyecciones de tiamina parece ayudar a disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar WKS y a disminuir los síntomas de WKS durante la abstinencia de alcohol.

Posiblemente eficaz para...

  • Cataratas. La ingesta de tiamina como parte de una dieta esa asociada con una menor probabilidad de tener cataratas.
  • Enfermedad renal en las personas con diabetes (nefropatía diabética). La investigación preliminar muestra que el tomar altas dosis de tiamina (300 mg por día) disminuye la cantidad de albúmina en la orina en personas con diabetes de tipo 2. La albúmina en la orina es un indicador del daño renal.
  • Menstruación dolorosa (dismenorrea). La ingesta de tiamina parece reducir el dolor menstrual en mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes.

Posiblemente ineficaz para...

  • Cirugía para mejorar la irrigación sanguínea al corazón (cirugía de derivación aortocoronaria; CDAC). Cierta investigación muestra que la administración de la tiamina en la vena antes y después una CDAC no deriva en mejores resultados que el placebo.
  • Repelente de mosquitos. Algunas investigaciones muestran que el consumo de vitaminas B, incluyendo tiamina, no ayuda a repeler los mosquitos.
  • Infección en la sangre (septicemia). La mayoría de la investigación muestra que la administración de la tiamina por vía intravenosa, sola o con vitamina C, no disminuye el riesgo de muerte en personas dializadas.

Insuficiente evidencia para hacer una determinación para...

  • Cáncer de cuello de útero. La ingesta de tiamina y otras vitaminas B está vinculada con una disminución del riesgo de manchas precancerosas.
  • Depresión. La investigación preliminar muestra que la ingesta de tiamina junto con el antidepresivo fluoxetina podría reducir los síntomas de la depresión en mayor medida que la ingesta de fluoxetina sola. Las personas que ingieren tiamina mostraron la mayor mejoría después de las 6 semanas. Aunque después de las 12 semanas, los síntomas fueron iguales a aquellos que tomaban tiamina o placebo.
  • Demencia. La ingesta de tiamina está vinculada a una disminución del riesgo de tener demencia en personas con trastorno por consumo de bebidas alcohólicas.
  • Insuficiencia cardíaca. Las personas con insuficiencia cardíaca son más propensas a tener carencia de tiamina. Cierta investigación muestra que la administración de más tiamina podría mejorar levemente la función cardíaca. Aunque la tiamina no parece ayudar a las personas con insuficiencia cardíaca repentina y sin carencia de tiamina.
  • Culebrilla (herpes zóster). La inyección de tiamina debajo de la piel parece disminuir la picazón, pero no el dolor, en personas con culebrilla.
  • Prediabetes. La investigación preliminar muestra que la ingesta de tiamina ayuda a disminuir los niveles de azúcar posprandiales en personas con prediabetes.
  • Envejecimiento.
  • Diarrea crónica.
  • Alcoholismo.
  • Afecciones cerebrales.
  • Llagas en la boca.
  • Diarrea crónica.
  • Un estado mental en el que la persona se desorienta y no puede pensar con claridad.
  • Cardiopatía.
  • Poco apetito.
  • Trastornos digestivos.
  • Estrés.
  • Colitis ulcerosa.
  • Otras condiciones.
Se necesita más evidencia para poder aprobar la tiamina para estos usos.

¿Cómo funciona?

La tiamina es requerida por nuestros cuerpos para utilizar los carbohidratos en forma correcta. También ayuda a mantener una función nerviosa apropiada.

¿Hay preocupación por la seguridad de su uso?

Ingerido por boca: La tiamina ES PROBABLEMENTE SEGURA cuando se toma por vía oral en las cantidades apropiadas, aunque ha habido algunos casos de reacciones alérgicas e irritación de la piel.

Administrado por VI: La tiamina ES PROBABLEMENTE SEGURA cuando se administra apropiadamente por un proveedor de atención médica. La tiamina inyectable es un producto de venta libre aprobado por la FDA.

Inyectada: La tiamina ES PROBABLEMENTE SEGURA cuando se administra apropiadamente como inyección en el músculo por un proveedor de atención médica. Las inyecciones de tiamina son un producto recetado aprobado por la FDA.

La tiamina no podría entrar al cuerpo de manera apropiada en ciertas personas con problemas hepáticos, que beben mucho alcohol o que tienen otras condiciones.

Advertencias y precauciones especiales:

Embarazo y lactancia: La tiamina PROBABLEMENTE ES SEGURA para las mujeres embarazadas o amamantando cuando se toma en la cantidad recomendada de 1,4 mg diarios. No se tiene suficiente información acerca de la seguridad del uso en grandes cantidades durante el embarazo o la lactancia.

Alcoholismo y una enfermedad hepática llamada cirrosis: Los alcohólicos con cirrosis a menudo tiene bajos niveles de tiamina. El dolor nervioso en los alcohólicos puede empeorar debido a la carencia de tiamina. Estas personas podrían requerir suplementos de tiamina.

Enfermedades críticas: Las personas que sufren enfermedades graves como aquellas que han sido sometidos a cirugía podría tener bajos niveles de tiamina. Estas personas podrían requerir suplementos de tiamina.

Insuficiencia cardíaca: Las personas con insuficiencia cardíaca podrían tener bajos niveles de tiamina. Estas personas podrían requerir suplementos de tiamina.

Hemodiálisis: Las personas sometidas a tratamientos de hemodiálisis podrían tener bajos niveles de tiamina. Ellos podrían requerir suplementos de tiamina.

Síndromes que se caracterizan por una mala absorción de nutrientes (síndrome de mala absorción): Las personas con síndromes de mala absorción tienen bajos niveles de tiamina Estas podrían requerir suplementos de tiamina.

¿Existen interacciones con medicamentos?

No se sabe si este producto interactúa con algún medicamento.

Si está tomando medicamentos, converse con su proveedor de atención médica antes de empezar a tomar este producto.

¿Existen interacciones con hierbas y suplementos?

Cola de caballo
La cola de caballo (Equiseto) contiene una sustancia química que puede destruir la tiamina en el estómago lo que posiblemente lleve a una deficiencia de tiamina. El gobierno canadiense exige que los productos de Equiseto certifiquen que no contienen esta sustancia química. Sea precavido y si tiene un riesgo de tener deficiencia de tiamina no use cola de caballo.
Nuez de betel
Las nueces de betel (arecas), producen cambios químicos en la tiamina, por lo que esta no funciona tan bien. Masticar nueces de betel en forma regular y por tiempo prolongado puede contribuir a la carencia de tiamina.

¿Existen interacciones con alimentos?

Alimentos que contienen cafeína
Los taninos, las sustancias químicas en el café y el té pueden reaccionar con la tiamina, convirtiéndolo en una forma que es difícil de ser absorbida por el cuerpo. Esto podría llevar a una deficiencia de tiamina. Curiosamente, se ha encontrado deficiencia de tiamina en un grupo de personas, en las zonas rurales de Tailandia, que beben grandes cantidades de té (>1 litro por día) o mastican las hojas de té fermentado a largo plazo. Sin embargo, este efecto no se ha observado en las poblaciones occidentales, a pesar del uso regular de té. Los investigadores creen, que la interacción entre el café y el té y la tiamina puede no ser importante a menos que la dieta sea baja en tiamina o vitamina C. La vitamina C parece evitar la interacción entre la tiamina y los taninos en el café y el té.
Mariscos
Los peces de agua dulce y los mariscos crudos contienen sustancias químicas que destruyen la tiamina. El comer una gran cantidad de pescado o mariscos crudos puede contribuir a la deficiencia de tiamina. Pero no existe este problema con el pescado y los mariscos cocidos. Estos no tienen ningún efecto sobre la tiamina, ya que la cocción destruye las sustancias químicas que dañan la tiamina.

¿Qué dosis se utiliza?

La siguientes dosis se han estudiado en investigación científica:

POR BOCA:
  • Carencia de tiamina: La dosis usual de tiamina es de 5-30 mg por día en una dosis única o en dosis fraccionadas por un periodo de un mes. La dosis típica para la deficiencia severa puede ser de hasta 300 mg por día.
  • Para la disminución del riesgo de tener cataratas: se usó una ingesta dietaria diaria de aproximadamente de 10 mg of tiamina.
  • Lesión renal en personas con diabetes (nefropatía diabética): Se usó 100 mg de tiamina 3 veces por día durante 3 meses.
  • Menstruación dolorosa (dismenorrea): Se usó 100 mg de tiamina, sola o junto con 500 mg de aceite de pescado por día durante un máximo de 90 días.
Cómo suplemento dietario en adultos, se usa comúnmente 1-2 mg de tiamina por día. La cantidad diaria recomendada (CDR) de tiamina es la siguiente: Para los bebés de 0-6 meses, 0,2 mg; bebés de 7-12 meses, 0,3 mg; niños de 1-3 años, 0,5 mg; niños de 4-8 años, 0,6 mg; niños de 9-13 años, 0,9 mg; hombres mayores de 14 años 1,2 mg; niñas de 9-13 años, 0,9 mg; mujeres de 14-18 años, 1 mg; mujeres mayores de 18 años, 1,1 mg; mujeres embarazadas, 1.4 mg; y mujeres amamantando, 1,5 mg.

POR INYECCIÓN:
  • Un trastorno cerebral causado por los bajos niveles de tiamina (síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff): Los proveedores de salud dan inyecciones de que contienen 5-200 mg de tiamina una vez por día durante 2 días.

Otros nombres

Aneurine Hydrochloride, Antiberiberi Factor, Antiberiberi Vitamin, Antineuritic Factor, Antineuritic Vitamin, B Complex Vitamin, Chlorhydrate de Thiamine, Chlorure de Thiamine, Complexe de Vitamine B, Facteur Anti-béribéri, Facteur Antineuritique, Hydrochlorure de Thiamine, Mononitrate de Thiamine, Nitrate de Thiamine, Thiamine Chloride, Thiamine Disulfide, Thiamine HCl, Thiamine Hydrochloride, Thiamin Mononitrate, Thiamine Mononitrate, Thiamine Nitrate, Thiamine Pyrophosphate, Thiaminium Chloride Hydrochloride, Tiamina, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B-1, Vitamina B1, Vitamine Anti-béribéri, Vitamine Antineuritique, Vitamine B1.

Metodología

Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales.

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