URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/965.html

Thiamine

What is it?

Thiamine is a vitamin, also called vitamin B1. Vitamin B1 is found in many foods including yeast, cereal grains, beans, nuts, and meat. It is often used in combination with other B vitamins, and found in many vitamin B complex products. Vitamin B complexes generally include vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), and folic acid. However, some products do not contain all of these ingredients and some may include others, such as biotin, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), choline bitartrate, and inositol.

People take thiamine for conditions related to low levels of thiamine (thiamine deficiency syndromes), including beriberi and inflammation of the nerves (neuritis) associated with pellagra or pregnancy.

Thiamine is also used for boosting the immune system, digestive problems, diabetic pain, heart disease, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

Healthcare providers give thiamine shots for a memory disorder called Wernicke's encephalopathy syndrome, other thiamine deficiency syndromes in critically ill people, and alcohol withdrawal.

How effective is it?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.

The effectiveness ratings for THIAMINE are as follows:

Effective for...

  • Thiamine deficiency. Taking thiamine by mouth helps prevent and treat thiamine deficiency.
  • A brain disorder caused by low levels of thiamine (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome). Thiamine helps decrease the risk and symptoms of a specific brain disorder called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). This brain disorder is related to low levels of thiamine. It is often seen in alcoholics. Giving thiamine shots seems to help decrease the risk of developing WKS and decrease symptoms of WKS during alcohol withdrawal.

Possibly effective for...

  • Cataracts. High thiamine intake as part of the diet is associated with reduced odds of developing cataracts.
  • Kidney damage in people with diabetes (diabetic nephropathy). Early research shows that taking high-dose thiamine (300 mg daily) decreases the amount of albumin in the urine in people with type 2 diabetes. Albumin in the urine is an indication of kidney damage.
  • Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). Taking thiamine seems to reduce menstrual pain in teenage girls and young women.

Possibly ineffective for...

  • Surgery to improve blood flow to the heart (CABG surgery). Some research shows that giving thiamine into the vein before and after CABG surgery does not lead to better outcomes than placebo.
  • Mosquito repellent. Some research shows that taking B vitamins, including thiamine, does not help to repel mosquitos.
  • Blood infection (sepsis). Most research shows that giving thiamine by IV, alone or with vitamin C, does not reduce the risk of dying in people with sepsis.

Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for...

  • Cancer of the cervix. Increased intake of thiamine and other B vitamins is linked with a decreased risk of precancerous spots on the cervix.
  • Depression. Early research shows that taking thiamine daily along with the antidepressant fluoxetine may reduce symptoms of depression faster than taking fluoxetine alone. People taking thiamine showed more improvements after 6 weeks. But after 12 weeks, symptoms were the same for those taking thiamine or placebo.
  • Dementia. Taking thiamine is linked to a reduced risk of dementia in people with alcohol use disorder.
  • Heart failure. People with heart failure are more likely to develop thiamine deficiency. Some research shows that taking extra thiamine might slightly improve the function of the heart. But thiamine doesn't seem to help people who suddenly develop heart failure and don't have thiamine deficiency.
  • Shingles (herpes zoster).Injecting thiamine under the skin seems to reduce itch, but not pain, in people with shingles.
  • Prediabetes. Early research shows that taking thiamine by mouth helps decrease post-meal blood sugar levels in people with prediabetes.
  • Aging.
  • AIDS.
  • Alcoholism.
  • Brain conditions.
  • Canker sores.
  • Chronic diarrhea.
  • A mental state in which a person is confused and unable to think clearly.
  • Heart disease.
  • Poor appetite.
  • Stomach problems.
  • Stress.
  • Ulcerative colitis.
  • Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate thiamine for these uses.

How does it work?

Thiamine is required by our bodies to properly use carbohydrates. It also helps maintain proper nerve function.

Are there safety concerns?

When taken by mouth: Thiamine is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth in appropriate amounts, although rare allergic reactions and skin irritation have occurred.

When given by IV: Thiamine is LIKELY SAFE when given appropriately by a healthcare provider. Thiamine injection is an FDA-approved prescription product.

When given as a shot: Thiamine is LIKELY SAFE when given appropriately as a shot into the muscle by a healthcare provider. Thiamine shots are an FDA-approved prescription product.

Thiamine might not properly enter the body in some people who have liver problems, drink a lot of alcohol, or have other conditions.

Special precautions & warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Thiamine is LIKELY SAFE for pregnant or breast-feeding women when taken in the recommended amount of 1.4 mg daily. Not enough is known about the safety of using larger amounts during pregnancy or breast-feeding.

Alcoholism and a liver disease called cirrhosis: Alcoholics and people with cirrhosis often have low levels of thiamine. Nerve pain in alcoholism can be worsened by thiamine deficiency. These people might require thiamine supplements.

Critical illness: People that are critically ill such as those that had surgery might have low levels of thiamine. These people might require thiamine supplements.

Heart failure: People with heart failure might have low levels of thiamine. These people might require thiamine supplements.

Hemodialysis: People undergoing hemodialysis treatments might have low levels of thiamine. They might require thiamine supplements.

Syndromes in which it is difficult for the body to absorb nutrients (malabsorption syndromes): People with malabsorption syndromes may have low levels of thiamine. The might require thiamine supplements.

Are there interactions with medications?

It is not known if this product interacts with any medicines.

Before taking this product, talk with your health professional if you take any medications.

Are there interactions with herbs and supplements?

Betel Nut
Betel (areca) nuts change thiamine chemically so it doesn't work as well. Regular, long-term chewing of betel nuts may contribute to thiamine deficiency.
Horsetail
Horsetail (Equisetum) contains a chemical that can destroy thiamine in the stomach, possibly leading to thiamine deficiency. The Canadian government requires that equisetum-containing products be certified free of this chemical. Stay on the safe side, and don't use horsetail if you are at risk for thiamine deficiency.

Are there interactions with foods?

Caffeine-containing foods
Chemicals in coffee and tea called tannins can react with thiamine, converting it to a form that is difficult for the body to take in. This could lead to thiamine deficiency. Interestingly, thiamine deficiency has been found in a group of people in rural Thailand who drink large amounts of tea (>1 liter per day) or chew fermented tea leaves long-term. However, this effect hasn't been found in Western populations, despite regular tea use. Researchers think the interaction between coffee and tea and thiamine may not be important unless the diet is low in thiamine or vitamin C. Vitamin C seems to prevent the interaction between thiamine and the tannins in coffee and tea.
Seafood
Raw freshwater fish and shellfish contain chemicals that destroy thiamine. Eating a lot of raw fish or shellfish can contribute to thiamine deficiency. However, cooked fish and seafood are OK. They don't have any effect on thiamine, since cooking destroys the chemicals that harm thiamine.

What dose is used?

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

BY MOUTH:
  • For thiamine deficiency: The usual dose of thiamine is 5-30 mg daily in either a single dose or divided doses for one month. The typical dose for severe deficiency can be up to 300 mg per day.
  • For reducing the risk of getting cataracts: A daily dietary intake of approximately 10 mg of thiamine has been used.
  • For kidney damage in people with diabetes (diabetic nephropathy): 100 mg of thiamine three times daily for 3 months has been used.
  • For menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea): 100 mg of thiamine, alone or along with 500 mg of fish oil, has been used daily for up to 90 days.
As a dietary supplement in adults, 1-2 mg of thiamine per day is commonly used. The daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of thiamine are: Infants 0-6 months, 0.2 mg; infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg; children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg; children 4-8 years, 0.6 mg; boys 9-13 years, 0.9 mg; men 14 years and older, 1.2 mg; girls 9-13 years, 0.9 mg; women 14-18 years, 1 mg; women over 18 years, 1.1 mg; pregnant women, 1.4 mg; and breast-feeding women, 1.5 mg.

BY INJECTION:
  • For a brain disorder caused by low levels of thiamine (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome): Healthcare providers give shots containing 5-200 mg of thiamine once daily for 2 days.

Other names

Aneurine Hydrochloride, Antiberiberi Factor, Antiberiberi Vitamin, Antineuritic Factor, Antineuritic Vitamin, B Complex Vitamin, Chlorhydrate de Thiamine, Chlorure de Thiamine, Complexe de Vitamine B, Facteur Anti-béribéri, Facteur Antineuritique, Hydrochlorure de Thiamine, Mononitrate de Thiamine, Nitrate de Thiamine, Thiamine Chloride, Thiamine Disulfide, Thiamine HCl, Thiamine Hydrochloride, Thiamin Mononitrate, Thiamine Mononitrate, Thiamine Nitrate, Thiamine Pyrophosphate, Thiaminium Chloride Hydrochloride, Tiamina, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B-1, Vitamina B1, Vitamine Anti-béribéri, Vitamine Antineuritique, Vitamine B1.

Methodology

To learn more about how this article was written, please see the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database methodology.

References

  1. Smithline HA, Donnino M, Blank FSJ, et al. Supplemental thiamine for the treatment of acute heart failure syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19:96. View abstract.
  2. Park JE, Shin TG, Jo IJ, et al. Impact of Vitamin C and Thiamine Administration on Delirium-Free Days in Patients with Septic Shock. J Clin Med. 2020;9:193. View abstract.
  3. Lomivorotov VV, Moroz G, Ismoilov S, et al. Sustained High-dose Thiamine Supplementation in High-risk Cardiac Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Pilot Feasibility Study (The APPLY trial). J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34:594-600. View abstract.
  4. Chou WP, Chang YH, Lin HC, Chang YH, Chen YY, Ko CH. Thiamine for preventing dementia development among patients with alcohol use disorder: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:1269-1273. View abstract.
  5. Wald EL, Sanchez-Pinto LN, Smith CM, et al. Hydrocortisone-Ascorbic Acid-Thiamine Use Associated with Lower Mortality in Pediatric Septic Shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:863-867. View abstract.
  6. Fujii T, Luethi N, Young PJ, et al; VITAMINS Trial Investigators. Effect of vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine vs hydrocortisone alone on time alive and free of vasopressor support among patients with septic shock: The VITAMINS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020 Jan 17. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.22176. View abstract.
  7. Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, Vitamin C, and Thiamine for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Retrospective Before-After Study. Chest. 2017 Jun;151:1229-1238. View abstract.
  8. Ghaleiha A, Davari H, Jahangard L, et al. Adjuvant thiamine improved standard treatment inpatients with major depressive disorder: results from a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016 Dec;266:695-702. View abstract.
  9. Jain A, Mehta R, Al-Ani M, Hill JA, Winchester DE. Determining the role of thiamine deficiency in systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Card Fail. 2015 Dec;21:1000-7. View abstract.
  10. Donnino MW, Andersen LW, Chase M, et al. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of thiamine as a metabolic resuscitator in septic shock: a pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb;44:360-7. View abstract.
  11. Andersen LW, Holmberg MJ, Berg KM, et al. Thiamine as an adjunctive therapy in cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. Crit Care. 2016 Mar 14;20:92. View abstract.
  12. Moskowitz A, Andersen LW, Cocchi MN, Karlsson M, Patel PV, Donnino MW. Thiamine as a renal protective agent in septic shock. A secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017 May; 14:737-71. View abstract.
  13. Bates CJ. Chapter 8: Thiamine. In: Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, eds. Handbook of Vitamins. 4th edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007. 253-287.
  14. Wuest HM. The history of thiamine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1962;98:385-400. View abstract.
  15. Schoenenberger AW, Schoenenberger -Berzins R, der Maur CA, et al. Thiamine supplementation in symptomatic chronic heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2012 Mar;101:159-64. View abstract.
  16. Arruti N, Bernedo N, Audicana MT, Villarreal O, Uriel O, Muñoz D. Systemic allergic dermatitis caused by thiamine after iontophoresis. Contact Dermatitis. 2013 Dec;69:375-6. View abstract.
  17. Alaei-Shahmiri F, Soares MJ, Zhao Y, et al. The impact of thiamine supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids and C-reactive protein in individuals with hyperglycemia: a randomised, double-blind cross-over trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015 Apr 29. pii: S1871-402100042-9. View abstract.
  18. Alaei Shahmiri F, Soares MJ, Zhao Y, et al. High-dose thiamine supplementation improves glucose tolerance in hyperglycemic individuals: a randomized, double-blind cross-over trial. Eur J Nutr. 2013 Oct;52:1821-4. View abstract.
  19. Xu G, Lv ZW, Xu GX, Tang WZ. Thiamine, cobalamin, locally injected alone or combination for herpetic itching: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain 2014;30:269-78. View abstract.
  20. Hosseinlou A, Alinejad V, Alinejad M, Aghakhani N. The effects of fish oil capsules and vitamin B1 tablets on duration and severity of dysmenorrhea in students of high school in Urmia-Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2014;6(7 Spec No):124-9. View abstract.
  21. Assem, E. S. K. Anaphylactic reaction to thiamine. Practitioner 1973;211:565.
  22. Stiles, M. H. Hypersensitivity to thiamine chloride with a note on sensitivity to pyridoxine hydrochloride. J Allergy 1941;12:507-509.
  23. Schiff, L. Collapse following parenteral administration of solution of thiamine hydrochloride. JAMA 1941;117:609.
  24. Bech, P., Rasmussen, S., Dahl, A., Lauritsen, B., and Lund, K. The withdrawal syndrome scale for alcohol and related psychoactive drugs. Nord Psykiatr Tidsskr 1989;43:291-294.
  25. Stanhope, J. M. and McCaskie, C. S. Assessment method and medication requirement in chlormethoazole detoxification from alcohol. Aust Drug Alcohol Rev 1986;5:273-277.
  26. Kristensen, C. P., Rasmussen, S., Dahl, A., and et al. The withdrawal syndrome scale for alcohol and related psychoactive drugs: total scores for guidelines for treatment with phenobarbital. Nord Psykiatr Tidsskr 1986;40:139-146.
  27. Schmitz, R. E. The prevention and management of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome by the use of alcohol. Curr Alcohol 1977;3:575-589.
  28. Sonck, T., Malinen, L., and Janne, J. Carbamazepine in the treatment of acute withdrawal syndrome in alcoholics: methodological aspects. In: Rationality of Drug Development: Exerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 38. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Exerpta Medica;1976.
  29. Hart, W. T. A comparison of promazine and paraldehyde in 175 cases of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1961;118:323-327.
  30. Nichols, M. E., Meador, K. J., Loring, D. W., and Moore, E. E. Preliminary findings on the clinical effects of high dose thiamine in alcohol related cognitive disorders.
  31. Esperanza-Salazar-De-Roldan, M. and Ruiz-Castro, S. Primary dysmenorrhea treatment with ibuprofen and vitamin E. Revista de Obstetricia y Ginecologia de Venezuela 1993;53:35-37.

  32. Fontana-Klaiber, H. and Hogg, B. Therapeutic effects of magnesium in dysmenorrhea. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 1990;79:491-494.

  33. Davis, L. S. Stress, vitamin B6 and magnesium in women with and without dysmenorrhea: a comparison and intervention study [dissertation]. 1988;

  34. Baker, H. and Frank, O. Absorption, utilization and clinical effectiveness of allithiamines compared to water-soluble thiamines. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1976;22 SUPPL:63-68. View abstract.
  35. Melamed, E. Reactive hyperglycaemia in patients with acute stroke. J Neurol.Sci 1976;29(2-4):267-275. View abstract.
  36. Hazell, A. S., Todd, K. G., and Butterworth, R. F. Mechanisms of neuronal cell death in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 1998;13:97-122. View abstract.
  37. Centerwall, B. S. and Criqui, M. H. Prevention of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a cost-benefit analysis. N.Engl J Med 8-10-1978;299:285-289. View abstract.
  38. Krishel, S., SaFranek, D., and Clark, R. F. Intravenous vitamins for alcoholics in the emergency department: a review. J Emerg.Med 1998;16:419-424. View abstract.
  39. Boros, L. G., Brandes, J. L., Lee, W. N., Cascante, M., Puigjaner, J., Revesz, E., Bray, T. M., Schirmer, W. J., and Melvin, W. S. Thiamine supplementation to cancer patients: a double edged sword. Anticancer Res 1998;18(1B):595-602. View abstract.
  40. Valerio, G., Franzese, A., Poggi, V., and Tenore, A. Long-term follow-up of diabetes in two patients with thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome. Diabetes Care 1998;21:38-41.

    View abstract.
  41. Hahn, J. S., Berquist, W., Alcorn, D. M., Chamberlain, L., and Bass, D. Wernicke encephalopathy and beriberi during total parenteral nutrition attributable to multivitamin infusion shortage. Pediatrics 1998;101:E10.

    View abstract.
  42. Tanaka, K., Kean, E. A., and Johnson, B. Jamaican vomiting sickness. Biochemical investigation of two cases. N.Engl J Med 8-26-1976;295:461-467. View abstract.
  43. McEntee, W. J. Wernicke's encephalopathy: an excitotoxicity hypothesis. Metab Brain Dis 1997;12:183-192. View abstract.
  44. Blass, J. P. and Gibson, G. E. Abnormality of a thiamine-requiring enzyme in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. N.Engl J Med 12-22-1977;297:1367-1370. View abstract.
  45. Rado, J. P. Effect of mineralocorticoids on the paradoxical glucose-induced hyperkalemia in nondiabetic patients with selective hypoaldosteronism. Res Commun Chem Pathol.Pharmacol 1977;18:365-368. View abstract.
  46. Sperl, W. [Diagnosis and therapy of mitochondriopathies]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2-14-1997;109:93-99. View abstract.
  47. Flacke, J. W., Flacke, W. E., and Williams, G. D. Acute pulmonary edema following naloxone reversal of high-dose morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1977;47:376-378. View abstract.
  48. Gokhale, L. B. Curative treatment of primary (spasmodic) dysmenorrhoea. Indian J Med Res. 1996;103:227-231. View abstract.
  49. Robinson, B. H., MacKay, N., Chun, K., and Ling, M. Disorders of pyruvate carboxylase and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. J Inherit.Metab Dis 1996;19:452-462. View abstract.
  50. Walker, U. A. and Byrne, E. The therapy of respiratory chain encephalomyopathy: a critical review of the past and current perspective. Acta Neurol.Scand 1995;92:273-280.

    View abstract.
  51. Pietrzak, I. [Vitamin disturbances in chronic renal insufficiency. I. Water soluble vitamins]. Przegl.Lek. 1995;52:522-525.

    View abstract.
  52. Turkington, R. W. Encephalopathy induced by oral hypoglycemic drugs. Arch Intern Med 1977;137:1082-1083. View abstract.
  53. Hojer, J. Severe metabolic acidosis in the alcoholic: differential diagnosis and management. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996;15:482-488. View abstract.
  54. Macias-Matos, C., Rodriguez-Ojea, A., Chi, N., Jimenez, S., Zulueta, D., and Bates, C. J. Biochemical evidence of thiamine depletion during the Cuban neuropathy epidemic, 1992-1993. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:347-353. View abstract.
  55. Begley, T. P. The biosynthesis and degradation of thiamin (vitamin B1). Nat.Prod.Rep. 1996;13:177-185. View abstract.
  56. Avsar, A. F., Ozmen, S., and Soylemez, F. Vitamin B1 and B6 substitution in pregnancy for leg cramps. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1996;175:233-234.

    View abstract.
  57. Andersson, J. E. [Wernicke's encephalopathy]. Ugeskr Laeger 2-12-1996;158:898-901. View abstract.
  58. Tallaksen, C. M., Sande, A., Bohmer, T., Bell, H., and Karlsen, J. Kinetics of thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters in human blood, plasma and urine after 50 mg intravenously or orally. Eur.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 1993;44:73-78. View abstract.
  59. Fulop, M. Alcoholic ketoacidosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993;22:209-219. View abstract.
  60. Adamolekun, B. and Eniola, A. Thiamine-responsive acute cerebellar ataxia following febrile illness. Cent.Afr J Med 1993;39:40-41. View abstract.
  61. Meador, K., Loring, D., Nichols, M., Zamrini, E., Rivner, M., Posas, H., Thompson, E., and Moore, E. Preliminary findings of high-dose thiamine in dementia of Alzheimer's type. J Geriatr.Psychiatry Neurol. 1993;6:222-229. View abstract.
  62. Palestine, M. L. and Alatorre, E. Control of acute alcoholic withdrawal symptoms: a comparative study of haloperidol and chlordiazepoxide. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1976;20:289-299. View abstract.
  63. Huey, L. Y., Janowsky, D. S., Mandell, A. J., Judd, L. L., and Pendery, M. Preliminary studies on the use of thyrotropin releasing hormone in manic states, depression, and the dysphoria of alcohol withdrawal. Psychopharmacol.Bull 1975;11:24-27. View abstract.
  64. Sumner, A. D. and Simons, R. J. Delirium in the hospitalized elderly. Cleve.Clin J Med 1994;61:258-262. View abstract.
  65. Bjorkqvist, S. E., Isohanni, M., Makela, R., and Malinen, L. Ambulant treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms with carbamazepine: a formal multicentre doubl-blind comparison with placebo. Acta Psychiatr.Scand 1976;53:333-342. View abstract.
  66. Bertin, P. and Treves, R. [Vitamin B in rheumatic diseases: critical review]. Therapie 1995;50:53-57. View abstract.
  67. Goldfarb, S., Cox, M., Singer, I., and Goldberg, M. Acute hyperkalemia induced by hyperglycemia: hormonal mechanisms. Ann Intern Med 1976;84:426-432. View abstract.
  68. Hoffman, R. S. and Goldfrank, L. R. The poisoned patient with altered consciousness. Controversies in the use of a 'coma cocktail'. JAMA 8-16-1995;274:562-569. View abstract.
  69. Viberti, G. C. Glucose-induced hyperkalaemia: A hazard for diabetics? Lancet 4-1-1978;1:690-691. View abstract.
  70. Martin, P. R., McCool, B. A., and Singleton, C. K. Molecular genetics of transketolase in the pathogenesis of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Metab Brain Dis 1995;10:45-55. View abstract.
  71. Watson, A. J., Walker, J. F., Tomkin, G. H., Finn, M. M., and Keogh, J. A. Acute Wernickes encephalopathy precipitated by glucose loading. Ir.J Med Sci 1981;150:301-303. View abstract.
  72. Siemkowicz, E. and Gjedde, A. Post-ischemic coma in rat: effect of different pre-ischemic blood glucose levels on cerebral metabolic recovery after ischemia. Acta Physiol Scand 1980;110:225-232. View abstract.
  73. Kearsley, J. H. and Musso, A. F. Hypothermia and coma in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Med J Aust. 11-1-1980;2:504-506. View abstract.
  74. Andree, R. A. Sudden death following naloxone administration. Anesth.Analg. 1980;59:782-784. View abstract.
  75. Wilkins, B. H. and Kalra, D. Comparison of blood glucose test strips in the detection of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Arch Dis Child 1982;57:948-950. View abstract.
  76. Byck, R., Ruskis, A., Ungerer, J., and Jatlow, P. Naloxone potentiates cocaine effect in man. Psychopharmacol.Bull 1982;18:214-215. View abstract.
  77. Gurll, N. J., Reynolds, D. G., Vargish, T., and Lechner, R. Naloxone without transfusion prolongs survival and enhances cardiovascular function in hypovolemic shock. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982;220:621-624. View abstract.
  78. Dole, V. P., Fishman, J., Goldfrank, L., Khanna, J., and McGivern, R. F. Arousal of ethanol-intoxicated comatose patients with naloxone. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1982;6:275-279. View abstract.
  79. Pulsinelli, W. A., Waldman, S., Rawlinson, D., and Plum, F. Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage: a neuropathologic study in the rat. Neurology 1982;32:1239-1246. View abstract.
  80. Ammon, R. A., May, W. S., and Nightingale, S. D. Glucose-induced hyperkalemia with normal aldosterone levels. Studies in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1978;89:349-351. View abstract.
  81. Pulsinelli, W. A., Levy, D. E., Sigsbee, B., Scherer, P., and Plum, F. Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1983;74:540-544. View abstract.
  82. Prough, D. S., Roy, R., Bumgarner, J., and Shannon, G. Acute pulmonary edema in healthy teenagers following conservative doses of intravenous naloxone. Anesthesiology 1984;60:485-486. View abstract.
  83. Taff, R. H. Pulmonary edema following naloxone administration in a patient without heart disease. Anesthesiology 1983;59:576-577. View abstract.
  84. Cuss, F. M., Colaco, C. B., and Baron, J. H. Cardiac arrest after reversal of effects of opiates with naloxone. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 2-4-1984;288:363-364. View abstract.
  85. Whitfield, C. L., Thompson, G., Lamb, A., Spencer, V., Pfeifer, M., and Browning-Ferrando, M. Detoxification of 1,024 alcoholic patients without psychoactive drugs. JAMA 4-3-1978;239:1409-1410. View abstract.
  86. Nakada, T. and Knight, R. T. Alcohol and the central nervous system. Med Clin North Am 1984;68:121-131. View abstract.
  87. Groeger, J. S., Carlon, G. C., and Howland, W. S. Naloxone in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1983;11:650-654. View abstract.
  88. Cohen, M. R., Cohen, R. M., Pickar, D., Weingartner, H., and Murphy, D. L. High-dose naloxone infusions in normals. Dose-dependent behavioral, hormonal, and physiological responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:613-619. View abstract.
  89. Cohen, M. R., Cohen, R. M., Pickar, D., Murphy, D. L., and Bunney, W. E., Jr. Physiological effects of high dose naloxone administration to normal adults. Life Sci 6-7-1982;30:2025-2031. View abstract.
  90. Faden, A. I., Jacobs, T. P., Mougey, E., and Holaday, J. W. Endorphins in experimental spinal injury: therapeutic effect of naloxone. Ann Neurol. 1981;10:326-332. View abstract.
  91. Baskin, D. S. and Hosobuchi, Y. Naloxone reversal of ischaemic neurological deficits in man. Lancet 8-8-1981;2:272-275. View abstract.
  92. Golbert, T. M., Sanz, C. J., Rose, H. D., and Leitschuh, T. H. Comparative evaluation of treatments of alcohol withdrawal syndromes. JAMA 7-10-1967;201:99-102. View abstract.
  93. Bowman, E. H. and Thimann, J. Treatment of alcoholism in the subacute stage. (A study of three active agents). Dis Nerv Syst. 1966;27:342-346. View abstract.
  94. Sellers, E. M., Zilm, D. H., and Degani, N. C. Comparative efficacy of propranolol and chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal. J Stud.Alcohol 1977;38:2096-2108. View abstract.
  95. Muller, D. J. A comparison of three approaches to alcohol-withdrawal states. South.Med J 1969;62:495-496. View abstract.
  96. Azar, I. and Turndorf, H. Severe hypertension and multiple atrial premature contractions following naloxone administration. Anesth.Analg. 1979;58:524-525. View abstract.
  97. Krauss, S. Post-hypoglycaemic encephalopathy. Br Med J 6-5-1971;2:591. View abstract.
  98. Simpson, R. K., Fitz, E., Scott, B., and Walker, L. Delirium tremens: a preventable iatrogenic and environmental phenomenon. J Am Osteopath.Assoc 1968;68:123-130. View abstract.
  99. Brune, F. and Busch, H. Anticonvulsive-sedative treatment of delirium alcoholicum. Q.J Stud.Alcohol 1971;32:334-342. View abstract.
  100. Thomson, A. D., Baker, H., and Leevy, C. M. Patterns of 35S-thiamine hydrochloride absorption in the malnourished alcoholic patient. J Lab Clin Med 1970;76:34-45. View abstract.
  101. Kaim, S. C., Klett, C. J., and Rothfeld, B. Treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal state: a comparison of four drugs. Am J Psychiatry 1969;125:1640-1646. View abstract.
  102. Rothstein, E. Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures: the roles of diphenylhydantoin and chlordiazepoxide. Am J Psychiatry 1973;130:1381-1382. View abstract.
  103. Finkle, B. S., McCloskey, K. L., and Goodman, L. S. Diazepam and drug-associated deaths. A survey in the United States and Canada. JAMA 8-3-1979;242:429-434. View abstract.
  104. Tanaka, G. Y. Letter: Hypertensive reaction to naloxone. JAMA 4-1-1974;228:25-26. View abstract.
  105. Michaelis, L. L., Hickey, P. R., Clark, T. A., and Dixon, W. M. Ventricular irritability associated with the use of naloxone hydrochloride. Two case reports and laboratory assessment of the effect of the drug on cardiac excitability. Ann Thorac.Surg 1974;18:608-614. View abstract.
  106. Wallis, W. E., Donaldson, I., Scott, R. S., and Wilson, J. Hypoglycemia masquerading as cerebrovascular disease (hypoglycemic hemiplegia). Ann Neurol. 1985;18:510-512. View abstract.
  107. Candelise, L., Landi, G., Orazio, E. N., and Boccardi, E. Prognostic significance of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. Arch Neurol. 1985;42:661-663. View abstract.
  108. Seibert, D. G. Reversible decerebrate posturing secondary to hypoglycemia. Am J Med 1985;78(6 Pt 1):1036-1037. View abstract.
  109. Malouf, R. and Brust, J. C. Hypoglycemia: causes, neurological manifestations, and outcome. Ann Neurol. 1985;17:421-430. View abstract.
  110. Rock, P., Silverman, H., Plump, D., Kecala, Z., Smith, P., Michael, J. R., and Summer, W. Efficacy and safety of naloxone in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1985;13:28-33. View abstract.
  111. Oppenheimer, S. M., Hoffbrand, B. I., Oswald, G. A., and Yudkin, J. S. Diabetes mellitus and early mortality from stroke. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 10-12-1985;291:1014-1015. View abstract.
  112. Duran, M. and Wadman, S. K. Thiamine-responsive inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit.Metab Dis 1985;8 Suppl 1:70-75. View abstract.
  113. Flamm, E. S., Young, W., Collins, W. F., Piepmeier, J., Clifton, G. L., and Fischer, B. A phase I trial of naloxone treatment in acute spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:390-397. View abstract.
  114. Reuler, J. B., Girard, D. E., and Cooney, T. G. Current concepts. Wernicke's encephalopathy. N.Engl J Med 4-18-1985;312:1035-1039. View abstract.
  115. Ritson, B. and Chick, J. Comparison of two benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal: effects on symptoms and cognitive recovery. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1986;18:329-334. View abstract.
  116. Sillanpaa, M. and Sonck, T. Finnish experiences with carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the treatment of acute withdrawal symptoms in alcoholics. J Int Med Res 1979;7:168-173. View abstract.
  117. Gillman, M. A. and Lichtigfeld, F. J. Minimal sedation required with nitrous oxide-oxygen treatment of the alcohol withdrawal state. Br J Psychiatry 1986;148:604-606. View abstract.
  118. Brunning, J., Mumford, J. P., and Keaney, F. P. Lofexidine in alcohol withdrawal states. Alcohol Alcohol 1986;21:167-170. View abstract.
  119. Young, G. P., Rores, C., Murphy, C., and Dailey, R. H. Intravenous phenobarbital for alcohol withdrawal and convulsions. Ann Emerg.Med 1987;16:847-850. View abstract.
  120. Stojek, A. and Napierala, K. Physostigmine in eyedrops decreases craving for alcohol in early withdrawal treated with carbamazepine. Mater.Med Pol. 1986;18:249-254. View abstract.
  121. Hosein, I. N., de, Freitas R., and Beaubrun, M. H. Intramuscular/oral lorazepam in acute alcohol withdrawal and incipient delirium tremens. West Indian Med J 1979;28:45-48. View abstract.
  122. Kramp, P. and Rafaelsen, O. J. Delirium tremens: a double-blind comparison of diazepam and barbital treatment. Acta Psychiatr.Scand 1978;58:174-190. View abstract.
  123. Fischer, K. F., Lees, J. A., and Newman, J. H. Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Causes and outcomes. N.Engl J Med 11-13-1986;315:1245-1250. View abstract.
  124. Wadstein, J., Manhem, P., Nilsson, L. H., Moberg, A. L., and Hokfelt, B. Clonidine versus chlomethiazole in alcohol withdrawal. Acta Psychiatr.Scand Suppl 1986;327:144-148. View abstract.
  125. Balldin, J. and Bokstrom, K. Treatment of alcohol abstinence symptoms with the alpha 2-agonist clonidine. Acta Psychiatr.Scand Suppl 1986;327:131-143. View abstract.
  126. Palsson, A. The efficacy of early chlormethiazole medication in the prevention of delirium tremens. A retrospective study of the outcome of different drug treatment strategies at the Helsingborg psychiatric clinics, 1975-1980. Acta Psychiatr.Scand Suppl 1986;329:140-145. View abstract.
  127. Drummond, L. M. and Chalmers, L. Prescribing chlormethiazole reducing regimes in an emergency clinic. Br J Addict. 1986;81:247-250. View abstract.
  128. Baines, M., Bligh, J. G., and Madden, J. S. Tissue thiamin levels of hospitalised alcoholics before and after oral or parenteral vitamins. Alcohol Alcohol 1988;23:49-52. View abstract.
  129. Stojek, A., Bilikiewicz, A., and Lerch, A. Carbamazepine and physostigmine eyedrops in the treatment of early alcohol withdrawal and alcohol-related hypertension. Psychiatr.Pol. 1987;21:369-375. View abstract.
  130. Koppi, S., Eberhardt, G., Haller, R., and Konig, P. Calcium-channel-blocking agent in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal--caroverine versus meprobamate in a randomized double-blind study. Neuropsychobiology 1987;17(1-2):49-52. View abstract.
  131. Baumgartner, G. R. and Rowen, R. C. Clonidine vs chlordiazepoxide in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1223-1226. View abstract.
  132. Tubridy, P. Alprazolam versus chlormethiazole in acute alcohol withdrawal. Br J Addict. 1988;83:581-585. View abstract.
  133. Massman, J. E. and Tipton, D. M. Signs and symptoms assessment: a guide for the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. J Psychoactive Drugs 1988;20:443-444. View abstract.
  134. Hosein, I. N., de, Freitas R., and Beaubrun, M. H. Intramuscular/oral lorazepam in acute alcohol withdrawal and incipient delirium tremens. Curr Med Res Opin. 1978;5:632-636. View abstract.
  135. Foy, A., March, S., and Drinkwater, V. Use of an objective clinical scale in the assessment and management of alcohol withdrawal in a large general hospital. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1988;12:360-364. View abstract.
  136. Adinoff, B., Bone, G. H., and Linnoila, M. Acute ethanol poisoning and the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1988;3:172-196. View abstract.
  137. Cilip, M., Chelluri, L., Jastremski, M., and Baily, R. Continuous intravenous infusion of sodium thiopental for managing drug withdrawal syndromes. Resuscitation 1986;13:243-248. View abstract.
  138. Blass, J. P., Gleason, P., Brush, D., DiPonte, P., and Thaler, H. Thiamine and Alzheimer's disease. A pilot study. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:833-835. View abstract.
  139. Bonnet, F., Bilaine, J., Lhoste, F., Mankikian, B., Kerdelhue, B., and Rapin, M. Naloxone therapy of human septic shock. Crit Care Med 1985;13:972-975. View abstract.
  140. Levin, E. R., Sharp, B., Drayer, J. I., and Weber, M. A. Severe hypertension induced by naloxone. Am J Med Sci 1985;290:70-72. View abstract.
  141. Poutanen, P. Experience with carbamazepine in the treatment of withdrawal symptoms in alcohol abusers. Br J Addict.Alcohol Other Drugs 1979;74:201-204. View abstract.
  142. Horwitz, R. I., Gottlieb, L. D., and Kraus, M. L. The efficacy of atenolol in the outpatient management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1089-1093. View abstract.
  143. Lichtigfeld, F. J. and Gillman, M. A. Analgesic nitrous oxide for alcohol withdrawal is better than placebo. Int J Neurosci. 1989;49(1-2):71-74. View abstract.
  144. Zittoun, J. [Macrocytic anemia]. Rev Prat. 10-21-1989;39:2133-2137.

    View abstract.
  145. Seifert, B., Wagler, P., Dartsch, S., Schmidt, U., and Nieder, J. [Magnesium--a new therapeutic alternative in primary dysmenorrhea]. Zentralbl.Gynakol. 1989;111:755-760. View abstract.
  146. Radouco-Thomas, S., Garcin, F., Guay, D., Marquis, P. A., Chabot, F., Huot, J., Chawla, S., Forest, J. C., Martin, S., Stewart, G., and . Double blind study on the efficacy and safety of tetrabamate and chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol Psychiatry 1989;13(1-2):55-75. View abstract.
  147. Lichtigfeld, F. J. and Gillman, M. A. The effect of placebo in the alcohol withdrawal state. Alcohol Alcohol 1989;24:109-112. View abstract.
  148. Malcolm, R., Ballenger, J. C., Sturgis, E. T., and Anton, R. Double-blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to oxazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:617-621. View abstract.
  149. Robinson, B. J., Robinson, G. M., Maling, T. J., and Johnson, R. H. Is clonidine useful in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1989;13:95-98. View abstract.
  150. Daynes, G. The initial management of alcoholism using oxygen and nitrous oxide: a transcultural study. Int J Neurosci. 1989;49(1-2):83-86. View abstract.
  151. Cushman, P., Jr. and Sowers, J. R. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: clinical and hormonal responses to alpha 2-adrenergic agonist treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1989;13:361-364. View abstract.
  152. Borgna-Pignatti, C., Marradi, P., Pinelli, L., Monetti, N., and Patrini, C. Thiamine-responsive anemia in DIDMOAD syndrome. J Pediatr 1989;114:405-410.

    View abstract.
  153. Saris, W. H., Schrijver, J., van Erp Baart, M. A., and Brouns, F. Adequacy of vitamin supply under maximal sustained workloads: the Tour de France. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res Suppl 1989;30:205-212. View abstract.
  154. Eckart, J., Neeser, G., Wengert, P., and Adolph, M. [Side effects and complications of parenteral nutrition]. Infusionstherapie. 1989;16:204-213. View abstract.
  155. Hillbom, M., Tokola, R., Kuusela, V., Karkkainen, P., Kalli-Lemma, L., Pilke, A., and Kaste, M. Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with carbamazepine and valproic acid. Alcohol 1989;6:223-226. View abstract.
  156. Lima, L. F., Leite, H. P., and Taddei, J. A. Low blood thiamine concentrations in children upon admission to the intensive care unit: risk factors and prognostic significance. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:57-61. View abstract.
  157. Smit, A. J. and Gerrits, E. G. Skin autofluorescence as a measure of advanced glycation endproduct deposition: a novel risk marker in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin.Nephrol.Hypertens. 2010;19:527-533. View abstract.
  158. Sarma, S. and Gheorghiade, M. Nutritional assessment and support of the patient with acute heart failure. Curr.Opin.Crit Care 2010;16:413-418. View abstract.
  159. GLATT, M. M., GEORGE, H. R., and FRISCH, E. P. Controlled trial of chlormethiazole in treatment of the alcoholic withdrawal phase. Br Med J 8-14-1965;2:401-404. View abstract.
  160. Funderburk, F. R., Allen, R. P., and Wagman, A. M. Residual effects of ethanol and chlordiazepoxide treatments for alcohol withdrawal. J Nerv Ment.Dis 1978;166:195-203. View abstract.
  161. Cho, S. H. and Whang, W. W. Acupuncture for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J Orofac.Pain 2010;24:152-162.

    View abstract.
  162. Liebaldt, G. P. and Schleip, I. 6. Apallic syndrome following protracted hypoglycemia. Monogr Gesamtgeb.Psychiatr.Psychiatry Ser. 1977;14:37-43. View abstract.
  163. Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;:CD001880. View abstract.
  164. Donnino, M. W., Cocchi, M. N., Smithline, H., Carney, E., Chou, P. P., and Salciccoli, J. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery depletes plasma thiamine levels. Nutrition 2010;26:133-136. View abstract.
  165. Nolan, K. A., Black, R. S., Sheu, K. F., Langberg, J., and Blass, J. P. A trial of thiamine in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 1991;48:81-83. View abstract.
  166. Bergmann, A. K., Sahai, I., Falcone, J. F., Fleming, J., Bagg, A., Borgna-Pignati, C., Casey, R., Fabris, L., Hexner, E., Mathews, L., Ribeiro, M. L., Wierenga, K. J., and Neufeld, E. J. Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia: identification of novel compound heterozygotes and mutation update. J Pediatr 2009;155:888-892.

    View abstract.
  167. Borgna-Pignatti, C., Azzalli, M., and Pedretti, S. Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome: long term follow-up. J Pediatr 2009;155:295-297.

    View abstract.
  168. Bettendorff, L. and Wins, P. Thiamin diphosphate in biological chemistry: new aspects of thiamin metabolism, especially triphosphate derivatives acting other than as cofactors. FEBS J 2009;276:2917-2925. View abstract.
  169. Proctor, M. L. and Farquhar, C. M. Dysmenorrhoea. Clin Evid (Online) 2007;2007 View abstract.
  170. Jurgenson, C. T., Begley, T. P., and Ealick, S. E. The structural and biochemical foundations of thiamin biosynthesis. Annu.Rev Biochem 2009;78:569-603. View abstract.
  171. Ganesh, R., Ezhilarasi, S., Vasanthi, T., Gowrishankar, K., and Rajajee, S. Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome. Indian J Pediatr 2009;76:313-314.

    View abstract.
  172. Masumoto, K., Esumi, G., Teshiba, R., Nagata, K., Nakatsuji, T., Nishimoto, Y., Ieiri, S., Kinukawa, N., and Taguchi, T. Need for thiamine in peripheral parenteral nutrition after abdominal surgery in children. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2009;33:417-422. View abstract.
  173. Such, Diaz A., Sanchez, Gil C., Gomis, Munoz P., and Herreros de, Tejada A. [Vitamins stability in parenteral nutrition]. Nutr Hosp. 2009;24:1-9. View abstract.
  174. Bautista-Hernandez, V. M., Lopez-Ascencio, R., Del Toro-Equihua, M., and Vasquez, C. Effect of thiamine pyrophosphate on levels of serum lactate, maximum oxygen consumption and heart rate in athletes performing aerobic activity. J Int Med Res 2008;36:1220-1226. View abstract.
  175. Wooley, J. A. Characteristics of thiamin and its relevance to the management of heart failure. Nutr Clin.Pract. 2008;23:487-493.

    View abstract.
  176. Martin, W. R. Naloxone. Ann Intern Med 1976;85:765-768. View abstract.
  177. Beltramo, E., Berrone, E., Tarallo, S., and Porta, M. Effects of thiamine and benfotiamine on intracellular glucose metabolism and relevance in the prevention of diabetic complications. Acta Diabetol. 2008;45:131-141. View abstract.
  178. Thornalley, P. J. The potential role of thiamine (vitamin B1) in diabetic complications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2005;1:287-298. View abstract.
  179. Sellers, E. M., Cooper, S. D., Zilm, D. H., and Shanks, C. Lithium treatment during alcoholic withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;20:199-206. View abstract.
  180. Sica, D. A. Loop diuretic therapy, thiamine balance, and heart failure. Congest.Heart Fail. 2007;13:244-247. View abstract.
  181. Balk, E., Chung, M., Raman, G., Tatsioni, A., Chew, P., Ip, S., DeVine, D., and Lau, J. B vitamins and berries and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Evid Rep.Technol Assess.(Full.Rep.) 2006;:1-161. View abstract.
  182. Tasevska, N., Runswick, S. A., McTaggart, A., and Bingham, S. A. Twenty-four-hour urinary thiamine as a biomarker for the assessment of thiamine intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:1139-1147. View abstract.
  183. Wahed, M., Geoghegan, M., and Powell-Tuck, J. Novel substrates. Eur J Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2007;19:365-370. View abstract.
  184. Ahmed, N. and Thornalley, P. J. Advanced glycation endproducts: what is their relevance to diabetic complications? Diabetes Obes.Metab 2007;9:233-245. View abstract.
  185. Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;:CD001880. View abstract.
  186. Mezadri, T., Fernandez-Pachon, M. S., Villano, D., Garcia-Parrilla, M. C., and Troncoso, A. M. [The acerola fruit: composition, productive characteristics and economic importance]. Arch Latinoam.Nutr 2006;56:101-109. View abstract.
  187. Allard, M. L., Jeejeebhoy, K. N., and Sole, M. J. The management of conditioned nutritional requirements in heart failure. Heart Fail.Rev. 2006;11:75-82. View abstract.
  188. Arora, S., Lidor, A., Abularrage, C. J., Weiswasser, J. M., Nylen, E., Kellicut, D., and Sidawy, A. N. Thiamine (vitamin B1) improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the presence of hyperglycemia. Ann Vasc.Surg 2006;20:653-658. View abstract.
  189. Chuang, D. T., Chuang, J. L., and Wynn, R. M. Lessons from genetic disorders of branched-chain amino acid metabolism. J Nutr 2006;136(1 Suppl):243S-249S. View abstract.
  190. Lee, B. Y., Yanamandra, K., and Bocchini, J. A., Jr. Thiamin deficiency: a possible major cause of some tumors? (review). Oncol Rep. 2005;14:1589-1592. View abstract.
  191. Yang, F. L., Liao, P. C., Chen, Y. Y., Wang, J. L., and Shaw, N. S. Prevalence of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency among the elderly in Taiwan. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2005;14:238-243.

    View abstract.
  192. Nakamura, J. [Development of therapeutic agents for diabetic neuropathies]. Nippon Rinsho 2005;63 Suppl 6:614-621. View abstract.
  193. Watanabe, D. and Takagi, H. [Potential pharmacological treatments for diabetic retinopathy]. Nippon Rinsho 2005;63 Suppl 6:244-249. View abstract.
  194. Yamagishi, S. and Imaizumi, T. [Progress on the drug therapy for diabetic microangiopathies: AGE inhibitors]. Nippon Rinsho 2005;63 Suppl 6:136-138. View abstract.
  195. Suzuki, S. [Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy]. Nippon Rinsho 2005;63 Suppl 6:103-110. View abstract.
  196. Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;:CD001880. View abstract.
  197. Jackson, R. and Teece, S. Best evidence topic report. Oral or intravenous thiamine in the emergency department. Emerg.Med J 2004;21:501-502. View abstract.
  198. Younes-Mhenni, S., Derex, L., Berruyer, M., Nighoghossian, N., Philippeau, F., Salzmann, M., and Trouillas, P. Large-artery stroke in a young patient with Crohn's disease. Role of vitamin B6 deficiency-induced hyperhomocysteinemia. J Neurol.Sci 6-15-2004;221(1-2):113-115.

    View abstract.
  199. Ristow, M. Neurodegenerative disorders associated with diabetes mellitus. J Mol.Med 2004;82:510-529.

    View abstract.
  200. Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;:CD001880. View abstract.
  201. Greenblatt, D. J., Allen, M. D., Noel, B. J., and Shader, R. I. Acute overdosage with benzodiazepine derivatives. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977;21:497-514. View abstract.
  202. Lorber, A., Gazit, A. Z., Khoury, A., Schwartz, Y., and Mandel, H. Cardiac manifestations in thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol. 2003;24:476-481.

    View abstract.
  203. Okudaira, K. [Late withdrawal syndrome]. Ryoikibetsu.Shokogun.Shirizu. 2003;:429-431. View abstract.
  204. Kodentsova, V. M. [Excretion of vitamins and their metabolites in urine as criteria of human vitamin status]. Vopr.Med Khim. 1992;38:33-37. View abstract.
  205. Wolters, M., Hermann, S., and Hahn, A. B vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in elderly German women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:765-772.

    View abstract.
  206. ROSENFELD, J. E. and BIZZOCO, D. H. A controlled study of alcohol withdrawal. Q.J Stud.Alcohol 1961;Suppl 1:77-84. View abstract.
  207. CHAMBERS, J. F. and SCHULTZ, J. D. DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY OF THREE DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE ALCOHOLIC STATES. Q.J Stud.Alcohol 1965;26:10-18. View abstract.
  208. SERENY, G. and KALANT, H. COMPARATIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE AND PROMAZINE IN TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL-WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME. Br Med J 1-9-1965;1:92-97. View abstract.
  209. MOROZ, R. and RECHTER, E. MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH IMPENDING AND FULL-BLOWN DELIRIUM TREMENS. Psychiatr.Q. 1964;38:619-626. View abstract.
  210. THOMAS, D. W. and FREEDMAN, D. X. TREATMENT OF THE ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME. COMPARISON OF PROMAZINE AND PARALDEHYDE. JAMA 4-20-1964;188:316-318. View abstract.
  211. GRUENWALD, F., HANLON, T. E., WACHSLER, S., and KURLAND, A. A. A comparative study of promazine and triflupromazine in the treatment of acute alcoholism. Dis Nerv Syst. 1960;21:32-38. View abstract.
  212. ECKENHOFF, J. E. and OECH, S. R. The effects of narcotics and antagonists upon respiration and circulation in man. A review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1960;1:483-524. View abstract.
  213. LATIES, V. G., LASAGNA, L., GROSS, G. M., HITCHMAN, I. L., and FLORES, J. A controlled trial on chlorpromazine and promazine in the management of delirium tremens. Q.J Stud.Alcohol 1958;19:238-243. View abstract.
  214. VICTOR, M. and ADAMS, R. D. The effect of alcohol on the nervous system. Res Publ.Assoc Res Nerv Ment.Dis 1953;32:526-573. View abstract.
  215. Helphingstine, C. J. and Bistrian, B. R. New Food and Drug Administration requirements for inclusion of vitamin K in adult parenteral multivitamins. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2003;27:220-224. View abstract.
  216. Johnson, K. A., Bernard, M. A., and Funderburg, K. Vitamin nutrition in older adults. Clin Geriatr.Med 2002;18:773-799. View abstract.
  217. Berger, M. M. and Mustafa, I. Metabolic and nutritional support in acute cardiac failure. Curr.Opin.Clin.Nutr.Metab Care 2003;6:195-201. View abstract.
  218. Mahoney, D. J., Parise, G., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. Nutritional and exercise-based therapies in the treatment of mitochondrial disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002;5:619-629. View abstract.
  219. Fleming, M. D. The genetics of inherited sideroblastic anemias. Semin.Hematol. 2002;39:270-281.

    View abstract.
  220. de, Lonlay P., Fenneteau, O., Touati, G., Mignot, C., Billette, de, V, Rabier, D., Blanche, S., Ogier de, Baulny H., and Saudubray, J. M. [Hematologic manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism]. Arch Pediatr 2002;9:822-835.

    View abstract.
  221. Thornalley, P. J. Glycation in diabetic neuropathy: characteristics, consequences, causes, and therapeutic options. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2002;50:37-57. View abstract.
  222. Kuroda, Y., Naito, E., and Touda, Y. [Drug therapy for mitochondrial diseases]. Nippon Rinsho 2002;60 Suppl 4:670-673.

    View abstract.
  223. Singleton, C. K. and Martin, P. R. Molecular mechanisms of thiamine utilization. Curr Mol.Med 2001;1:197-207. View abstract.
  224. Proctor, M. L. and Murphy, P. A. Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2001;:CD002124. View abstract.
  225. Bakker, S. J. Low thiamine intake and risk of cataract. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1167. View abstract.
  226. Rodriguez-Martin, J. L., Qizilbash, N., and Lopez-Arrieta, J. M. Thiamine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev 2001;:CD001498. View abstract.
  227. Witte, K. K., Clark, A. L., and Cleland, J. G. Chronic heart failure and micronutrients. J Am Coll Cardiol 6-1-2001;37:1765-1774. View abstract.
  228. Neufeld, E. J., Fleming, J. C., Tartaglini, E., and Steinkamp, M. P. Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome: a disorder of high-affinity thiamine transport. Blood Cells Mol.Dis 2001;27:135-138.

    View abstract.
  229. Ambrose, M. L., Bowden, S. C., and Whelan, G. Thiamin treatment and working memory function of alcohol-dependent people: preliminary findings. Alcohol Clin.Exp.Res. 2001;25:112-116. View abstract.
  230. Bjorkqvist, S. E. Clonidine in alcohol withdrawal. Acta Psychiatr.Scand 1975;52:256-263. View abstract.
  231. Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;:CD001880. View abstract.
  232. Zilm, D. H., Sellers, E. M., MacLeod, S. M., and Degani, N. Letter: Propranolol effect on tremor in alcoholic withdrawal. Ann Intern Med 1975;83:234-236. View abstract.
  233. Rindi, G. and Laforenza, U. Thiamine intestinal transport and related issues: recent aspects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2000;224:246-255. View abstract.
  234. Boros, L. G. Population thiamine status and varying cancer rates between western, Asian and African countries. Anticancer Res 2000;20(3B):2245-2248. View abstract.
  235. Manore, M. M. Effect of physical activity on thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(2 Suppl):598S-606S. View abstract.
  236. Gregory, M. E. Reviews of the progress of Dairy Science. Water-soluble vitamins in milk and milk products. J Dairy Res 1975;42:197-216. View abstract.
  237. Cascante, M., Centelles, J. J., Veech, R. L., Lee, W. N., and Boros, L. G. Role of thiamin (vitamin B-1) and transketolase in tumor cell proliferation. Nutr.Cancer 2000;36:150-154. View abstract.
  238. Rodriguez-Martin, J. L., Lopez-Arrieta, J. M., and Qizilbash, N. Thiamine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev 2000;:CD001498. View abstract.
  239. Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;:CD001880. View abstract.
  240. Naito, E., Ito, M., Yokota, I., Saijo, T., Chen, S., Maehara, M., and Kuroda, Y. Concomitant administration of sodium dichloroacetate and thiamine in west syndrome caused by thiamine-responsive pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. J Neurol.Sci 12-1-1999;171:56-59.

    View abstract.
  241. Matsuda, M. and Kanamaru, A. [Clinical roles of vitamins in hematopoietic disorders]. Nippon Rinsho 1999;57:2349-2355.

    View abstract.
  242. Rieck, J., Halkin, H., Almog, S., Seligman, H., Lubetsky, A., Olchovsky, D., and Ezra, D. Urinary loss of thiamine is increased by low doses of furosemide in healthy volunteers. J Lab Clin Med 1999;134:238-243. View abstract.
  243. Constant, J. The alcoholic cardiomyopathies--genuine and pseudo. Cardiology 1999;91:92-95. View abstract.
  244. Gaby, A. R. Natural approaches to epilepsy. Altern.Med Rev. 2007;12:9-24. View abstract.
  245. Allwood, M. C. and Kearney, M. C. Compatibility and stability of additives in parenteral nutrition admixtures. Nutrition 1998;14:697-706. View abstract.
  246. Mayo-Smith, M. F. Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. JAMA 7-9-1997;278:144-151. View abstract.
  247. Sohrabvand, F., Shariat, M., and Haghollahi, F. Vitamin B supplementation for leg cramps during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;95:48-49. View abstract.
  248. Birmingham, C. L. and Gritzner, S. Heart failure in anorexia nervosa: case report and review of the literature. Eat.Weight.Disord. 2007;12:e7-10. View abstract.
  249. Gibberd, F. B., Nicholls, A., and Wright, M. G. The influence of folic acid on the frequency of epileptic attacks. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;19:57-60. View abstract.
  250. Bowe, J. C., Cornish, E. J., and Dawson, M. Evaluation of folic acid supplements in children taking phenytoin. Dev.Med Child Neurol. 1971;13:343-354. View abstract.
  251. Grant, R. H. and Stores, O. P. Folic acid in folate-deficient patients with epilepsy. Br Med J 12-12-1970;4:644-648. View abstract.
  252. Jensen, O. N. and Olesen, O. V. Subnormal serum folate due to anticonvulsive therapy. A double-blind study of the effect of folic acid treatment in patients with drug-induced subnormal serum folates. Arch Neurol. 1970;22:181-182. View abstract.
  253. Christiansen, C., Rodbro, P., and Lund, M. Incidence of anticonvulsant osteomalacia and effect of vitamin D: controlled therapeutic trial. Br Med J 12-22-1973;4:695-701. View abstract.
  254. Mattson, R. H., Gallagher, B. B., Reynolds, E. H., and Glass, D. Folate therapy in epilepsy. A controlled study. Arch Neurol. 1973;29:78-81. View abstract.
  255. Ralston, A. J., Snaith, R. P., and Hinley, J. B. Effects of folic acid on fit-frequency and behaviour in epileptics on anticonvulsants. Lancet 4-25-1970;1:867-868. View abstract.
  256. Horwitz, S. J., Klipstein, F. A., and Lovelace, R. E. Relation of abnormal folate metabolism to neuropathy developing during anticonvulsant drug therapy. Lancet 3-16-1968;1:563-565. View abstract.
  257. Backman, N., Holm, A. K., Hanstrom, L., Blomquist, H. K., Heijbel, J., and Safstrom, G. Folate treatment of diphenylhydantoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. Scand J Dent Res 1989;97:222-232. View abstract.
  258. Zhou, K., Zhao, R., Geng, Z., Jiang, L., Cao, Y., Xu, D., Liu, Y., Huang, L., and Zhou, J. Association between B-group vitamins and venous thrombosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. J.Thromb.Thrombolysis. 2012;34:459-467. View abstract.
  259. Poppell, T. D., Keeling, S. D., Collins, J. F., and Hassell, T. M. Effect of folic acid on recurrence of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth following gingivectomy. J Clin Periodontol. 1991;18:134-139. View abstract.
  260. Ranganathan, L. N. and Ramaratnam, S. Vitamins for epilepsy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2005;:CD004304. View abstract.
  261. Christiansen, C., Rodbro, P., and Nielsen, C. T. Iatrogenic osteomalacia in epileptic children. A controlled therapeutic trial. Acta Paediatr.Scand 1975;64:219-224. View abstract.
  262. Kotani, N., Oyama, T., Sakai, I., Hashimoto, H., Muraoka, M., Ogawa, Y., and Matsuki, A. Analgesic effect of a herbal medicine for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea--a double-blind study. Am.J Chin Med 1997;25:205-212. View abstract.
  263. Al Shahib, W. and Marshall, R. J. The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future? Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2003;54:247-259. View abstract.
  264. Soukoulis, V., Dihu, J. B., Sole, M., Anker, S. D., Cleland, J., Fonarow, G. C., Metra, M., Pasini, E., Strzelczyk, T., Taegtmeyer, H., and Gheorghiade, M. Micronutrient deficiencies an unmet need in heart failure. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 10-27-2009;54:1660-1673. View abstract.
  265. Dunn, S. P., Bleske, B., Dorsch, M., Macaulay, T., Van, Tassell B., and Vardeny, O. Nutrition and heart failure: impact of drug therapies and management strategies. Nutr Clin Pract 2009;24:60-75. View abstract.
  266. Rogovik, A. L., Vohra, S., and Goldman, R. D. Safety considerations and potential interactions of vitamins: should vitamins be considered drugs? Ann.Pharmacother. 2010;44:311-324. View abstract.
  267. Roje, S. Vitamin B biosynthesis in plants. Phytochemistry 2007;68:1904-1921. View abstract.
  268. Vimokesant, S. L., Hilker, D. M., Nakornchai, S., Rungruangsak, K., and Dhanamitta, S. Effects of betel nut and fermented fish on the thiamin status of northeastern Thais. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:1458-1463. View abstract.
  269. Ives AR, Paskewitz SM. Testing vitamin B as a home remedy against mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2005;21:213-7. View abstract.
  270. Rabbani N, Alam SS, Riaz S, et al. High-dose thiamine therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. Diabetologia 2009;52:208-12. View abstract.
  271. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, et al. Long-term nutrient intake and 5-year change in nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:517-26. View abstract.
  272. Babaei-Jadidi R, Karachalias N, Ahmed N, et al. Prevention of incipient diabetic nephropathy by high-dose thiamine and benfotiamine. Diabetes. 2003;52:2110-20. View abstract.
  273. Alston TA. Does metformin interfere with thiamine?--Reply. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:983. View abstract.
  274. Koike H, Iijima M, Sugiura M, et al. Alcoholic neuropathy is clinicopathologically distinct from thiamine-deficiency neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2003;54:19-29. View abstract.
  275. Wilkinson TJ, Hanger HC, Elmslie J, et al. The response to treatment of subclinical thiamine deficiency in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:925-8. View abstract.
  276. Day E, Bentham P, Callaghan R, et al. Thiamine for Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in people at risk from alcohol abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;:CD004033. View abstract.
  277. Hernandez BY, McDuffie K, Wilkens LR, et al. Diet and premalignant lesions of the cervix: evidence of a protective role for folate, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin B12. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:859-70. View abstract.
  278. Berger MM, Shenkin A, Revelly JP, et al. Copper, selenium, zinc, and thiamine balances during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in critically ill patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:410-6. View abstract.
  279. Hamon NW, Awang DVC. Horsetail. Can Pharm J 1992:399-401.
  280. Vir SC, Love AH. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on thiamin status. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1979;49:291-5.
  281. Briggs MH, Briggs M. Thiamine status and oral contraceptives. Contraception 1975;11:151-4. View abstract.
  282. De Reuck JL, Sieben GJ, Sieben-Praet MR, et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy in patients with tumors of the lymphoid-hemopoietic systems. Arch Neurol 1980;37:338-41.. View abstract.
  283. Ulusakarya A, Vantelon JM, Munck JN, et al. Thiamine deficiency in a patient receiving chemotherapy for acute myeloblastic leukemia (letter). Am J Hematol 1999;61:155-6. View abstract.
  284. Aksoy M, Basu TK, Brient J, Dickerson JW. Thiamin status of patients treated with drug combinations containing 5-fluorouracil. Eur J Cancer 1980;16:1041-5. View abstract.
  285. Thorp VJ. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin and mineral requirements. J Am Diet Assoc 1980;76:581-4.. View abstract.
  286. Somogyi JC, Nageli U. Antithiamine effect of coffee. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1976;46:149-53.
  287. Waldenlind L. Studies on thiamine and neuromuscular transmission. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1978;459:1-35. View abstract.
  288. Hilker DM, Somogyi JC. Antithiamins of plant origin: their chemical nature and mode of action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;378:137-44. View abstract.
  289. Smidt LJ, Cremin FM, Grivetti LE, Clifford AJ. Influence of folate status and polyphenol intake on thiamin status in Irish women. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:1077-92.. View abstract.
  290. Vimokesant S, Kunjara S, Rungruangsak K, et al. Beriberi caused by antithiamin factors in food and its prevention. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;378:123-36. View abstract.
  291. Vimokesant S, Nakornchai S, Rungruangsak K, et al. Food habits causing thiamine deficiency in humans. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1976;22:1-2. View abstract.
  292. Lewis CM, King JC. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on thiamin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid status in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33:832-8.. View abstract.
  293. Patrini C, Perucca E, Reggiani C, Rindi G. Effects of phenytoin on the in vivo kinetics of thiamine and its phosphoesters in rat nervous tissues. Brain Res 1993;628:179-86.. View abstract.
  294. Botez MI, Joyal C, Maag U, Bachevalier J. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood thiamine concentrations in phenytoin-treated epileptics. Can J Neurol Sci 1982;9:37-9.. View abstract.
  295. Botez MI, Botez T, Ross-Chouinard A, Lalonde R. Thiamine and folate treatment of chronic epileptic patients: a controlled study with the Wechsler IQ scale. Epilepsy Res 1993;16:157-63.. View abstract.
  296. Lubetsky A, Winaver J, Seligmann H, et al. Urinary thiamine excretion in the rat: effects of furosemide, other diuretics, and volume load. J Lab Clin Med 1999;134:232-7.. View abstract.
  297. Saif MW. Is there a role for thiamine in the management of congestive heart failure? (letter) South Med J 2003;96:114-5. View abstract.
  298. Leslie D, Gheorghiade M. Is there a role for thiamine supplementation in the management of heart failure? Am Heart J 1996;131:1248-50. View abstract.
  299. Levy WC, Soine LA, Huth MM, Fishbein DP. Thiamine deficiency in congestive heart failure (letter). Am J Med 1992;93:705-6. View abstract.
  300. Alston TA. Does metformin interfere with thiamine? (letter) Arch Int Med 2003;163:983. View abstract.
  301. Tanphaichitr V. Thiamin. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, Eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999. pg.381-9.
  302. Goldin BR, Lichtenstein AH, Gorbach SL. Nutritional and metabolic roles of intestinal flora. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Malvern, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994.
  303. Harel Z, Biro FM, Kottenhahn RK, Rosenthal SL. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1335-8. View abstract.
  304. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2000;10:450-6. View abstract.
  305. Kuroki F, Iida M, Tominaga M, et al. Multiple vitamin status in Crohn's disease. Correlation with disease activity. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1614-8. View abstract.
  306. Ogunmekan AO, Hwang PA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), as add-on therapy, for epilepsy in children. Epilepsia 1989;30:84-9. View abstract.
  307. Gallimberti L, Canton G, Gentile N, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Lancet 1989;2:787-9. View abstract.
  308. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. View abstract.
  309. Beers MH, Berkow R. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 17th ed. West Point, PA: Merck and Co., Inc., 1999.
  310. Drew HJ, Vogel RI, Molofsky W, et al. Effect of folate on phenytoin hyperplasia. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14:350-6. View abstract.
  311. Brown RS, Di Stanislao PT, Beaver WT, et al. The administration of folic acid to institutionalized epileptic adults with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991;70:565-8. View abstract.
  312. Seligmann H, Halkin H, Rauchfleisch S, et al. Thiamine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy: a pilot study. Am J Med 1991;91:151-5. View abstract.
  313. Pfitzenmeyer P, Guilland JC, d'Athis P, et al. Thiamine status of elderly patients with cardiac failure including the effects of supplementattion. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1994;64:113-8. View abstract.
  314. Shimon I, Almog S, Vered Z, et al. Improved left ventricular function after thiamine supplementation in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy. Am J Med 1995;98:485-90. View abstract.
  315. Brady JA, Rock CL, Horneffer MR. Thiamin status, diuretic medications, and the management of congestive heart failure. J Am Diet Assoc 1995;95:541-4. View abstract.
  316. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
Last reviewed - 08/19/2020