PCNT gene

At least 30 mutations in the PCNT gene have been found to cause microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII). These mutations result in the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional pericentrin protein that cannot anchor other proteins to the centrosome. As a result, centrosomes cannot properly assemble microtubules, leading to disruption of the cell cycle and cell division. Impaired cell division causes a reduction in cell production, while disruption of the cell cycle can lead to cell death. This overall reduction in the number of cells leads to short bones, microcephaly, and the other signs and symptoms of MOPDII.

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Gene mutations can be acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. These mutations are called somatic mutations, and they are not inherited. Somatic mutations in the PCNT gene can cause an increase in production of the pericentrin protein. Increased levels of pericentrin have been found in solid tumors (including prostate tumors) as well as cancers of blood-forming cells (leukemia and lymphoma). More pericentrin within the centrosome leads to overactivation of the cell cycle and increased cell division. This abnormal cell growth and division can eventually lead to a cancerous tumor.

Certain common genetic variations (polymorphisms) in the PCNT gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression in some individuals. Similarly, increased levels of pericentrin have been found in some individuals with bipolar disorder. It is unclear how changes in the PCNT gene or increased levels of pericentrin protein are related to these disorders. A large number of genetic and environmental factors, most of which remain unknown, likely determine the risk of developing these complex conditions.