Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome
At least seven mutations in the CCND2 gene have been found to cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndrome. This rare condition affects the development of the brain, causing an unusually large brain and head size (megalencephaly) and a brain abnormality called bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP). Some affected individuals also have an extra finger or toe on one or more of their hands or feet (polydactyly).
Each of the known mutations changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in the cyclin D2 protein. These changes prevent the protein from being broken down (degraded) when it is no longer needed. The resulting buildup of cyclin D2 in cells triggers them to continue dividing when they otherwise would not have, leading to abnormal cell proliferation. In the brain, the increased number of cells leads to rapid and abnormal brain growth starting before birth. It is less clear how a buildup of cyclin D2 contributes to polydactyly, although the extra digits are probably related to abnormal cell proliferation in the developing hands and feet.
More About This Health ConditionOther Names for This Gene
- G1/S-specific cyclin-D2
- KIAK0002
- MPPH3
Additional Information & Resources
Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry
Scientific Articles on PubMed
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
References
- Mirzaa G, Parry DA, Fry AE, Giamanco KA, Schwartzentruber J, Vanstone M, Logan CV, Roberts N, Johnson CA, Singh S, Kholmanskikh SS, Adams C, Hodge RD, Hevner RF, Bonthron DT, Braun KPJ, Faivre L, Riviere JB, St-Onge J, Gripp KW, Mancini GM, Pang K, Sweeney E, van Esch H, Verbeek N, Wieczorek D, Steinraths M, Majewski J; FORGE Canada Consortium; Boycot KM, Pilz DT, Ross ME, Dobyns WB, Sheridan EG. De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome. Nat Genet. 2014 May;46(5):510-515. doi: 10.1038/ng.2948. Epub 2014 Apr 6. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Mirzaa G. MPPH Syndrome. 2016 Nov 17 [updated 2022 Jul 28]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396098/ Citation on PubMed
- Tsunekawa Y, Kikkawa T, Osumi N. Asymmetric inheritance of Cyclin D2 maintains proliferative neural stem/progenitor cells: a critical event in brain development and evolution. Dev Growth Differ. 2014 Jun;56(5):349-57. doi: 10.1111/dgd.12135. Epub 2014 May 17. Citation on PubMed
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