Skip navigation

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/12/

Chromosome 12

Description

Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Two copies of chromosome 12, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. Chromosome 12 spans almost 134 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells.

Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 12 likely contains 1,100 to 1,200 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. These proteins perform a variety of different roles in the body.

Health Conditions Related to Chromosomal Changes

The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 12.

Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome

Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is usually caused by the presence of an abnormal extra chromosome called an isochromosome 12p or i(12p). An isochromosome is a chromosome with two identical arms. Normal chromosomes have one long (q) arm and one short (p) arm, but isochromosomes have either two q arms or two p arms. Isochromosome 12p is a version of chromosome 12 made up of two p arms.

Cells normally have two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from each parent. In people with Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome, cells have the two usual copies of chromosome 12, but some cells also have the isochromosome 12p. These cells have a total of four copies of all the genes on the p arm of chromosome 12. The extra genetic material from the isochromosome disrupts the normal course of development, causing the characteristic features of this disorder.

Although Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is usually caused by an isochromosome 12p, other, more complex chromosomal changes involving chromosome 12 are responsible for the disorder in rare cases.

More About This Health Condition

PDGFRB-associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia

Translocations involving chromosome 12 are involved in a type of blood cell cancer called PDGFRB-associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia. This condition is characterized by an increased number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. The most common translocation that causes this condition fuses part of the PDGFRB gene from chromosome 5 with part of the ETV6 gene from chromosome 12, written as t(5;12)(q31-33;p13). Translocations that fuse the PDGFRB gene with other genes can also cause PDGFRB-associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia, but these translocations are relatively uncommon. These translocations are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in cancer cells. This type of genetic change, called a somatic mutation, is not inherited.

The protein produced from the ETV6-PDGFRB fusion gene, called ETV6/PDGFRβ, functions differently than the proteins normally produced from the individual genes. The ETV6 protein normally turns off (represses) gene activity and the PDGFRβ protein plays a role in turning on (activating) signaling pathways. The ETV6/PDGFRβ protein is always turned on, activating signaling pathways and gene activity. When the ETV6-PDGFRB fusion gene mutation occurs in cells that develop into blood cells, the growth of eosinophils (and occasionally other white blood cells, such as neutrophils and mast cells) is poorly controlled, leading to PDGFRB-associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia. It is unclear why eosinophils are preferentially affected by this genetic change.

More About This Health Condition

Other chromosomal conditions

Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 12 can have a variety of effects on health and development. These effects include intellectual disability, slow growth, distinctive facial features, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), skeletal abnormalities, and heart defects.

Several different changes involving chromosome 12 have been reported, including an extra piece of the chromosome in each cell (partial trisomy 12), a missing segment of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 12), and a circular structure called a ring chromosome 12. Ring chromosomes occur when a chromosome breaks in two places and the ends of the chromosome arms fuse together to form a circular structure.

Cancers

Changes in chromosome 12 have been identified in several types of cancer. These genetic changes are somatic, which means they are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. For example, rearrangements (translocations) of genetic material between chromosome 12 and other chromosomes are often found in certain cancers of blood-forming cells (leukemias) and cancers of immune system cells (lymphomas). Additionally, somatic mutations may lead to an extra copy of chromosome 12 (trisomy 12) in cancer cells, specifically a type of leukemia called chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Translocations involving chromosome 12 have also been found in solid tumors such as lipomas and liposarcomas, which are made up of fatty tissue. In these tumors, the most common chromosome 12 rearrangements involve the long (q) arm in a region designated q13-q15. Abnormalities of chromosome 12 have been identified in at least two other rare tumors, angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas and clear cell sarcomas. Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas occur primarily in adolescents and young adults and are usually found in the arms and legs (extremities). Clear cell sarcomas occur most often in young adults and tend to be associated with tendons and related structures called aponeuroses.

Researchers are working to determine which genes on chromosome 12 are disrupted by translocations, and they are studying how these chromosomal changes could contribute to the uncontrolled growth and division of tumor cells.

Additional Information & Resources

Additional NIH Resources

Scientific Articles on PubMed

References

  • Dim DC, Cooley LD, Miranda RN. Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses: a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007 Jan;131(1):152-6. doi: 10.5858/2007-131-152-CCSOTA. Citation on PubMed
  • Dufke A, Walczak C, Liehr T, Starke H, Trifonov V, Rubtsov N, Schoning M, Enders H, Eggermann T. Partial tetrasomy 12pter-12p12.3 in a girl with Pallister-Killian syndrome: extraordinary finding of an analphoid, inverted duplicated marker. Eur J Hum Genet. 2001 Aug;9(8):572-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200673. Citation on PubMed
  • Ensembl Human Map View: Chromosome 12
  • Gilbert F, Kauff N. Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome.Chromosome 12. Genet Test. 2000;4(3):319-33. doi: 10.1089/10906570050501588. No abstract available. Citation on PubMed
  • Haferlach C, Bacher U, Schnittger S, Alpermann T, Zenger M, Kern W, Haferlach T. ETV6 rearrangements are recurrent in myeloid malignancies and are frequently associated with other genetic events. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2012 Apr;51(4):328-37. doi: 10.1002/gcc.21918. Epub 2011 Dec 8. Citation on PubMed
  • Italiano A, Cardot N, Dupre F, Monticelli I, Keslair F, Piche M, Mainguene C, Coindre JM, Pedeutour F. Gains and complex rearrangements of the 12q13-15 chromosomal region in ordinary lipomas: the "missing link" between lipomas and liposarcomas? Int J Cancer. 2007 Jul 15;121(2):308-15. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22685. Citation on PubMed
  • Leube B, Majewski F, Gebauer J, Royer-Pokora B. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular observations in a patient with Pallister-Killian-syndrome with an unusual karyotype. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Dec 15;123A(3):296-300. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20339. Citation on PubMed
  • Montgomery KT, Lee E, Miller A, Lau S, Shim C, Decker J, Chiu D, Emerling S, Sekhon M, Kim R, Lenz J, Han J, Ioshikhes I, Renault B, Marondel I, Yoon SJ, Song K, Murty VV, Scherer S, Yonescu R, Kirsch IR, Ried T, McPherson J, Gibbs R, Kucherlapati R. A high-resolution map of human chromosome 12. Nature. 2001 Feb 15;409(6822):945-6. doi: 10.1038/35057174. Citation on PubMed
  • Porpaczy E, Bilban M, Heinze G, Gruber M, Vanura K, Schwarzinger I, Stilgenbauer S, Streubel B, Fonatsch C, Jaeger U. Gene expression signature of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with Trisomy 12. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009 Jul;39(7):568-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02146.x. Epub 2009 Apr 30. Citation on PubMed
  • Scherer SE, Muzny DM, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Montgomery KT, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Lovering RC, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Draper H, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Havlak P, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Li L, Li Z, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Plopper FJ, Santibanez J, Shen H, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang Q, Williams GA, Zhang J, Zhou J, Allen CC, Amin AG, Anyalebechi V, Bailey M, Barbaria JA, Bimage KE, Bryant NP, Burch PE, Burkett CE, Burrell KL, Calderon E, Cardenas V, Carter K, Casias K, Cavazos I, Cavazos SR, Ceasar H, Chacko J, Chan SN, Chavez D, Christopoulos C, Chu J, Cockrell R, Cox CD, Dang M, Dathorne SR, David R, Davis CM, Davy-Carroll L, Deshazo DR, Donlin JE, D'Souza L, Eaves KA, Simons R, Emery-Cohen AJ, Escotto M, Flagg N, Forbes LD, Gabisi AM, Garza M, Hamilton C, Henderson N, Hernandez O, Hines S, Hogues ME, Huang M, Idlebird DG, Johnson R, Jolivet A, Jones S, Kagan R, King LM, Leal B, Lebow H, Lee S, LeVan JM, Lewis LC, London P, Lorensuhewa LM, Loulseged H, Lovett DA, Lucier A, Lucier RL, Ma J, Madu RC, Mapua P, Martindale AD, Martinez E, Massey E, Mawhiney S, Meador MG, Mendez S, Mercado C, Mercado IC, Merritt CE, Miner ZL, Minja E, Mitchell T, Mohabbat F, Mohabbat K, Montgomery B, Moore N, Morris S, Munidasa M, Ngo RN, Nguyen NB, Nickerson E, Nwaokelemeh OO, Nwokenkwo S, Obregon M, Oguh M, Oragunye N, Oviedo RJ, Parish BJ, Parker DN, Parrish J, Parks KL, Paul HA, Payton BA, Perez A, Perrin W, Pickens A, Primus EL, Pu LL, Puazo M, Quiles MM, Quiroz JB, Rabata D, Reeves K, Ruiz SJ, Shao H, Sisson I, Sonaike T, Sorelle RP, Sutton AE, Svatek AF, Svetz LA, Tamerisa KS, Taylor TR, Teague B, Thomas N, Thorn RD, Trejos ZY, Trevino BK, Ukegbu ON, Urban JB, Vasquez LI, Vera VA, Villasana DM, Wang L, Ward-Moore S, Warren JT, Wei X, White F, Williamson AL, Wleczyk R, Wooden HS, Wooden SH, Yen J, Yoon L, Yoon V, Zorrilla SE, Nelson D, Kucherlapati R, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA; Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center Sequence Production Team. The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12. Nature. 2006 Mar 16;440(7082):346-51. doi: 10.1038/nature04569. Citation on PubMed
  • Struthers JL, Cuthbert CD, Khalifa MM. Parental origin of the isochromosome 12p in Pallister-Killian syndrome: molecular analysis of one patient and review of the reported cases. Am J Med Genet. 1999 May 21;84(2):111-5. Citation on PubMed
  • Thway K. Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma: a review with recent genetic findings. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008 Feb;132(2):273-7. doi: 10.5858/2008-132-273-AFHARW. Citation on PubMed
  • UCSC Genome Browser: Statistics
  • Yeung A, Francis D, Giouzeppos O, Amor DJ. Pallister-Killian syndrome caused by mosaicism for a supernumerary ring chromosome 12p. Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Mar;149A(3):505-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32664. Citation on PubMed
  • Zhou MH, Gao L, Jing Y, Xu YY, Ding Y, Wang N, Wang W, Li MY, Han XP, Sun JZ, Wang LL, Yu L. Detection of ETV6 gene rearrangements in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ann Hematol. 2012 Aug;91(8):1235-43. doi: 10.1007/s00277-012-1431-4. Epub 2012 Feb 29. Citation on PubMed

The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health.