Prenatal genetic counseling

Genetics is the study of heredity, the process of a parent passing certain genes on to their children.

A person's appearance, such as height, hair color, skin color, eye color and other aspects, is influenced by genes.

Birth defects and certain diseases are also often influenced by genes.

Couples who want to have a baby can have tests before they get pregnant. Health care providers can also test a fetus (unborn baby) to see if the baby will have a genetic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or Down syndrome.

It is up to you whether or not to have prenatal genetic counseling and testing. This testing may include carrier screening in which you would be checked for several genetic variants, including ones you may not know about. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that all women be offered testing, ideally before they are pregnant. You will want to think about your personal desires, religious beliefs, and family circumstances.

Some people have a greater chance than others for passing on genetic disorders to their children, including:

• People who have family members or children with genetic conditions or birth defects.
• Jews of Eastern European descent. They may have a higher risk of having babies with Tay-Sachs or Canavan disease.
• African Americans, who may risk passing sickle-cell anemia (blood disease) on to their children.
• People of Southeast Asian or Mediterranean origin, who are at a higher risk of having children with thalassemia, a blood disease.
• Women who were exposed to toxins (poisons) that could cause birth defects.
• Women with a health problem, such as diabetes, that may affect their fetus.
• Couples who have had three of more miscarriages (fetus dies before 20 weeks of pregnancy).

Testing is also suggested for:

• Women who are over the age of 35, though genetic screening is now recommended by the ACOG for women of all ages.
• Women who have had abnormal results on pregnancy screening, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
• Women whose fetus shows abnormal results on pregnancy ultrasound.

Talk about genetic counseling with your provider and your family. Ask questions you may have about the test and what the results will mean for you.

Keep in mind that genetic tests that are done before you get pregnant (conceive) can most often only tell you the odds of having a child with a certain genetic condition. For instance, you may learn that you and your partner have a 1 in 4 chance of having a child with a certain disease or genetic condition.

If you decide to conceive, you will need more tests to see if your baby will have the health condition.

For those who may be at risk, test results can help answer such questions as:

• Are the chances of having a baby with a genetic condition so high that we should look at other ways to start a family?
• If you have a baby with a genetic disorder, are there treatments or surgeries that can help the baby?
• How do we prepare ourselves for the chance we might have a child with a genetic condition? Are there classes or support groups for the condition? Are there providers nearby who treat children with the condition?
• Should we continue the pregnancy? Are the baby's problems so severe that we might choose to end the pregnancy?

You can prepare by finding out if any medical issues like these run in your family:

• Child development issues
• Miscarriages
• Stillbirth
• Severe childhood illnesses

Steps in prenatal genetic counseling include:

• You will fill out an in-depth family history form and talk to your counselor about health problems that run in your family.
• You may also get blood tests to look at your chromosomes or other specific genes.
• Your family history and test results will help the counselor look at genetic variants you may pass on to your children.

If you choose to be tested after you become pregnant, tests that may be done during the pregnancy (either on the mother or fetus) include:

• Amniocentesis, in which fluid is withdrawn from the amniotic sac (fluid that surrounds the baby).
• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which takes a sample of the cells from the placenta.
• Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), which tests blood from the umbilical cord (the cord that connects the mother to the baby).
• Noninvasive prenatal screening, which looks in the mother's blood for DNA from the baby that may have an extra or missing chromosome.

Not all of these tests have the same accuracy or detection rates. Plus, these tests have some risks. They may cause infection, harm the fetus, or cause a miscarriage. Be sure to discuss these risks with your provider.

The purpose of prenatal genetic counseling is simply to help parents make informed decisions. Your genetic counselor will help you figure out how to use the information you get from your tests. If you are at risk, or if you find out that your baby has a disorder, your counselor and provider will talk to you about options and resources. But the decisions are yours to make.

Prenatal genetic screening consultation; Reproductive genetic counseling

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists website. Carrier screening for genetic conditions. Committee opinion 691. March 2017, reaffirmed 2025. www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/03/carrier-screening-for-genetic-conditions. Accessed April 4, 2026.

Duggoff L, Wapner RJ. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital disorders. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L, et al, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 30.

Jelin AC, Van den Veyver IB. Preconception and prenatal screening and diagnosis. In: Cohn RD, Scherer SW, Hamosh A, eds. Thompson & Thompson Genetics and Genomics in Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 18.

Jones KL, Jones MC, del Campo M. Genetics, genetic counseling, and prevention. In: Jones KL, Jones MC, del Campo M, eds. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 2.

Updated by: Anna C. Edens Hurst, MD, MS, Professor in Medical Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.