Complex regional pain syndrome

Health care providers are not sure what causes CRPS. In some cases, the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the pain. Another theory is that CRPS is caused by a triggering of the immune response, which leads to the inflammatory symptoms of redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected area.

CRPS has two forms:

• CRPS 1 is a chronic nerve disorder that occurs most often in the arms or legs after a minor injury.
• CRPS 2 is caused by an injury to a nerve.

CRPS is thought to result from damage to the nervous system. This includes the nerves that control the blood vessels and sweat glands.

The damaged nerves are no longer able to properly control blood flow, feeling (sensation), and temperature to the affected area. This leads to problems in the:

• Blood vessels
• Bones
• Muscles
• Nerves
• Skin

Possible causes of CRPS:

• Injury directly to a nerve
• Injury or infection in an arm or leg

In rare cases, sudden illnesses such as a heart attack or stroke can cause CRPS. The condition can sometimes appear without obvious injury to the affected limb.

This condition is more common in people ages 40 to 60, but younger people can develop it, too.

The key symptom is pain that:

• Is intense and often burning and is much stronger than would be expected for the type of injury that occurred.
• Gets worse, rather than better over time.
• Begins at the point of injury, but may spread to the whole limb, or to the arm or leg on the opposite side of the body.

In most cases, CRPS has three stages. But, CRPS does not always follow this pattern. Some people develop severe symptoms right away. Others stay in the first stage.

Stage 1 (lasts 1 to 3 months):

• Changes in skin temperature, switching between warm or cold
• Faster growth of nails and hair
• Muscle spasms and joint pain
• Severe burning, aching pain that worsens with the slightest touch or breeze
• Skin that slowly becomes blotchy, purple, pale, or red; thin and shiny; swollen; more sweaty

Stage 2 (lasts 3 to 6 months):

• Continued changes in the skin
• Nails that are cracked and break more easily
• Pain that is becoming worse
• Slower hair growth
• Stiff joints and weak muscles

Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen)

• Limited movement in limb because of tightened muscles and tendons (contracture)
• Muscle wasting
• Pain in the entire limb

If pain and other symptoms are severe or long-lasting, many people may experience depression or anxiety.

Diagnosing CRPS can be difficult, but early diagnosis is very important.

Your provider will take a medical history and do a physical exam. Other tests may include:

• A test to show temperature changes and lack of blood supply in the affected limb (thermography)
• Bone scans
• Nerve conduction studies and electromyography (usually done together)
• X-rays
• Autonomic nerve testing (measures sweating and blood pressure)

There is no cure for CRPS, but the disease can be slowed. The main focus is on relieving the symptoms and helping people with this syndrome live as normal a life as possible.

Physical and occupational therapy should be started as early as possible. Starting an exercise program and learning to keep joints and muscles moving may prevent the disease from getting worse. It can also help you do everyday activities.

Medicines may be used, including pain medicines, corticosteroids, certain blood pressure medicines, bone loss medicines and antidepressants.

Some type of talk therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or psychotherapy, can help teach the skills needed to live with long-term (chronic) pain.

Surgical or invasive techniques that may be tried:

• Injected medicine that numbs the affected nerves or pain fibers around the spinal column (nerve block).
• Internal pain pump that directly delivers medicines to the spinal cord (intrathecal drug pump).
• Spinal cord stimulator, which involves placing electrodes (electrical leads) next to the spinal cord. A low-level electrical current is used to create a pleasant or tingling sensation in the painful area is the best way to reduce pain in some people.
• Surgery that cuts the nerves to destroy the pain (surgical sympathectomy), although it is unclear how many people this helps. It may also make symptoms worse in some people.

The outlook is better with an early diagnosis. If your provider diagnoses the condition in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear (remission) and normal movement is possible.

If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible.

In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In other people, even with treatment the pain continues and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

Complications that may result include:

• Problems with thinking and judgment
• Depression
• Loss of muscle size or strength in the affected limb
• Spread of the disease to another part of the body
• Worsening of the affected limb

Complications can also occur with some of the nerve and surgical treatments.

Contact your provider if you develop constant or burning pain in an arm, leg, hand, or foot.

There is no known prevention at this time. Early treatment is the key to slowing the progression of the disease.

CRPS; RSDS; Causalgia - RSD; Shoulder-hand syndrome; Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome; Sudeck atrophy; Pain - CRPS

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Khan SZ, Dosluoglu HH. Complex regional pain syndrome. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, eds. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 192.

Stanos SP, Mark D T, Harden RN. Chronic pain. In: Cifu DX, ed. Braddom's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 37.

Updated by: Joseph V. Campellone, MD, Department of Neurology, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.