Ebola virus disease

WHERE EBOLA OCCURS

Ebola was discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, several small outbreaks have occurred in Africa. The 2014 outbreak was the largest. The countries most affected in this outbreak included:

• Equitorial Guinea
• Liberia
• Sierra Leone

Ebola has been previously reported in:

• Nigeria
• Senegal
• Spain
• United States
• Mali
• United Kingdom
• Italy

For the latest information on Ebola worldwide, visit the World Health Organization website at www.who.int/health-topics/ebola#tab=tab_1.

HOW EBOLA CAN SPREAD

Ebola does not spread as easily as more common illnesses such as colds, the flu, or measles. There is no evidence that the virus that causes Ebola is spread through the air or water. A person who has Ebola can't spread the disease until symptoms appear.

Ebola can only spread between humans by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. The virus can enter the body through a break in the skin or through mucous membranes, including the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Ebola can also spread by contact with any surfaces, objects, or materials that have been in contact with body fluids from a sick person, such as:

• Bedclothes and bedding
• Clothing
• Bandages
• Needles and syringes
• Medical equipment

In Africa, Ebola may also be spread by:

• Handling infected wild animals hunted for food (bushmeat)
• Contact with blood or body fluids of infected animals
• Contact with infected bats

Ebola does not spread through:

• Air
• Water
• Food
• Insects (mosquitoes)

Health care workers and people caring for sick relatives are at high risk for developing Ebola because they are more likely to come in to direct contact with body fluids. The proper use of personal protective equipment personal protective equipment (PPE) greatly reduces this risk.

The time between exposure and when symptoms occur (incubation period) is 2 to 21 days. On average, symptoms develop in 8 to 10 days.

Early symptoms of Ebola include:

• Fever greater than or equal to 100.4°F (38.0°C)
• Severe headache
• Sore throat
• Joint pain
• Muscle pain
• Weakness
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Rash
• Abdominal (stomach) pain
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Red eyes
• Hiccups

Late symptoms include:

• Bleeding from the mouth and rectum
• Bleeding from eyes, ears, and nose
• Organ failure

A person who does not have symptoms 21 days after being exposed to Ebola will not develop the disease.

There is no known cure for Ebola. Experimental treatments have been used, but none have been fully tested to see if they work well and are safe.

People with Ebola must be treated in a hospital. There, they can be isolated so the disease cannot spread. Health care providers will treat the symptoms of the disease.

Treatment for Ebola is supportive and includes:

• Fluids given through a vein (IV)
• Oxygen
• Blood pressure management
• Treatment for other infections
• Blood transfusions

Survival depends on how a person's immune system responds to the virus. A person also may be more likely to survive if they receive good medical care.

People who survive Ebola are immune from the virus for 10 years or more. They can no longer spread Ebola. It is not known whether they can be infected with a different species of Ebola. However, men who survive can carry the Ebola virus in their sperm for as long as 3 months. They should abstain from sex or use condoms until their semen has tested negative for the virus.

Long-term complications can include joint and vision problems.

Contact your provider if you have traveled to West Africa and:

• Know you have been exposed to Ebola
• You develop symptoms of the disorder, including fever

Getting treatment right away may improve the chances of survival.

A vaccine (Ervebo) is available to prevent Ebola virus disease in people who live in the most at-risk countries during an outbreak. If you plan to travel to one of the countries where Ebola is present, the CDC recommends taking the following steps to prevent illness:

• Practice careful hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids.
• Avoid contact with people who have a fever, are vomiting, or appear ill.
• Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person's blood or body fluids. This includes clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment.
• Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola.
• Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from these animals.
• Avoid hospitals in West Africa where Ebola patients are being treated. If you need medical care, the United States embassy or consulate is often able to provide advice about facilities.
• After you return, pay attention to your health for 21 days. Seek medical care right away if you develop symptoms of Ebola, such as a fever. Tell your provider that you have been to a country where Ebola is present.

Health care workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps:

• Wear PPE, including protective clothing, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.
• Practice proper infection control and sterilization measures.
• Isolate patients with Ebola from other patients.
• Avoid direct contact with the bodies of people who have died from Ebola.
• Notify health officials if you have had direct contact with the blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with Ebola.

Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebola virus infection; Viral hemorrhagic fever; Ebola

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Ebola disease. www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola. Updated September 21, 2023. Accessed March 13, 2024.

Geisbert TW. Marburg and Ebola virus hemorrhagic fevers. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 164.

World Health Organization website. Ebola virus disease. www.who.int/health-topics/ebola#tab=tab_1. Accessed March 13, 2024.

Updated by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.