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Black Tea

What is it?

Black tea is made from the fermented leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. These dried leaves and leaf buds are also used to make green and oolong teas.

Black tea contains 2% to 4% caffeine, which affects thinking and alertness. It also contains antioxidants and other substances that might help protect the heart and blood vessels. It has different properties than green tea, which is made from the fresh leaves of the same plant.

People use black tea for improving mental alertness. It is also used for headache, both low and high blood pressure, preventing Parkinson disease, depression, dementia, stroke, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses.

Don't confuse black tea with other caffeine sources, including coffee, oolong tea, and green tea. These are not the same.

How effective is it?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.

The effectiveness ratings for BLACK TEA are as follows:

Likely effective for...

  • Mental alertness. Drinking black tea and other caffeinated beverages helps to keep people alert and improve attention, even after extended periods without sleep.

Possibly effective for...

  • Low blood pressure. Drinking caffeinated beverages, including black tea, helps increase blood pressure in older people who have low blood pressure after eating.
  • Heart attack. People who drink black tea seem to have a lower risk of having a heart attack.
  • Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis). Regularly drinking black tea seems to improve bone health by a small amount.
  • Ovarian cancer. People who regularly drink tea, including black tea or green tea, seem to have a lower risk of developing ovarian cancer compared to those who never or rarely drink tea.
  • Parkinson disease. People who drink caffeinated beverages, including black tea, seem to have a lower risk of Parkinson disease.

Possibly ineffective for...

  • Bladder cancer. People who drink tea, including black tea and green tea, do not seem to have a lower risk of bladder cancer compared to those who don't drink tea.
  • Breast cancer. Drinking black tea isn't linked to a lower risk of developing breast cancer.
  • Colon cancer, rectal cancer. Drinking black tea isn't linked with a lower risk of colon and rectal cancer.
  • Diabetes. Taking an extract of black and green tea by mouth doesn't improve blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Also, drinking black tea isn't linked with a lower risk of developing diabetes.
  • Cancer of the lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer). Drinking black tea isn't linked to a lower risk of developing endometrial cancer.
  • Cancer of the esophagus. Drinking black tea isn't linked to a lower risk of developing cancer of the esophagus.
  • Stomach cancer. Drinking black tea isn't linked to a lower risk of developing stomach cancer.
  • Lung cancer. Drinking black tea isn't linked to a lower risk of developing lung cancer.
There is interest in using black tea for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Is it safe?

When taken by mouth: Black tea is commonly consumed as a beverage. Drinking black tea in moderate amounts (about 4 cups daily) is likely safe for most people.

Drinking more than 4 cups of black tea daily is possibly unsafe. Drinking large amounts might cause side effects due to the caffeine content. These side effects can range from mild to serious and include headache and irregular heartbeat.

Drinking very high amounts of black tea containing more than 10 grams of caffeine is likely unsafe. Doses of black tea this high might cause death or other severe side effects.

Special precautions & warnings:

Pregnancy: Drinking moderate amounts of black tea during pregnancy is possibly safe. Do not drink more than 3 cups of black tea daily. This provides about 300 mg of caffeine. Consuming more than this during pregnancy is possibly unsafe and has been linked to an increased risk of miscarriage, increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and other negative effects, including symptoms of caffeine withdrawal in newborns and lower birth weight.

Breast-feeding: Drinking moderate amounts of black tea while breast-feeding is possibly safe. But drinking more than 3 cups of black tea daily is possibly unsafe. The caffeine in black tea is passed into breastmilk. It might cause irritability and increased bowel movements in nursing infants.

Children: Black tea is possibly safe in children when consumed in amounts found in food and beverages.

Anxiety disorders: The caffeine in black tea might make anxiety worse.

Bleeding disorders: There is some concern that the caffeine in black tea might slow blood clotting. Use caffeine cautiously if you have a bleeding disorder.

Heart problems: Black tea contains caffeine. Large amounts of caffeine can cause irregular heartbeat in certain people. If you have a heart condition, use caffeine in moderation.

Diabetes: The caffeine in black tea might affect blood sugar. Use black tea with caution if you have diabetes.

Diarrhea: Black tea contains caffeine. The caffeine in black tea, especially when taken in large amounts, might worsen diarrhea.

Seizures: Black tea contains caffeine. High doses of caffeine might cause seizures or decrease the effects of drugs used to prevent seizures. If you have ever had a seizure, don't take high doses of caffeine.

Glaucoma: Drinking caffeinated black tea increases the pressure inside the eye. The increase occurs within 30 minutes and lasts for at least 90 minutes. If you have glaucoma, use caffeine with caution.

Hormone-sensitive condition such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids: Black tea might act like estrogen. If you have any condition that might be made worse by exposure to estrogen, don't use black tea.

High blood pressure: The caffeine in black tea might increase blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. But this doesn't seem to occur in people who drink black tea or other caffeinated products regularly.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Black tea contains caffeine. The caffeine in black tea, especially when taken in large amounts, might worsen diarrhea and might worsen symptoms of IBS.

Brittle bones (osteoporosis): Drinking black tea can increase the amount of calcium that is flushed out in the urine. This might weaken bones. If you have osteoporosis, don't drink more than 3 cups of black tea daily. If you are generally healthy and get enough calcium from your food or supplements, drinking about 4 cups of black tea daily doesn't seem to increase the risk of getting osteoporosis.

Are there interactions with medications?

Major
Do not take this combination.
Ephedrine
Black tea contains caffeine. Caffeine is a stimulant drug. Stimulant drugs speed up the nervous system. Ephedrine is also a stimulant drug. Taking black tea along with ephedrine might cause too much stimulation and sometimes serious side effects and heart problems.
Moderate
Be cautious with this combination.
Adenosine (Adenocard)
Black tea contains caffeine. The caffeine in black tea might block the effects of adenosine, which is used to do a test called a cardiac stress test. Stop drinking black tea or other caffeine-containing products at least 24 hours before a cardiac stress test.
Antibiotics (Quinolone antibiotics)
Black tea contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Some antibiotics might decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking these antibiotics along with black tea can increase the risk of side effects including jitteriness, headache, and increased heart rate.
Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)
Black tea contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Birth control pills can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. This might increase the risk for side effects from caffeine, such as jitteriness, headache, and fast heartbeat.
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Black tea contains caffeine. Caffeine can decrease the effects of carbamazepine. Taking black tea with carbamazepine might decrease the effects of carbamazepine and increase the risk of seizures in some people.
Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Black tea contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Cimetidine can decrease how quickly your body breaks down caffeine. Taking cimetidine along with black tea might increase the chance of caffeine side effects including jitteriness, headache, fast heartbeat, and others.
Clozapine (Clozaril)
The body breaks down clozapine to get rid of it. The caffeine in black tea seems to decrease how quickly the body breaks down clozapine. Taking black tea along with clozapine may increase the effects and side effects of clozapine.
Dipyridamole (Persantine)
Black tea contains caffeine. The caffeine in black tea might block the effects of dipyridamole. Dipyridamole is often used by doctors to do a test on the heart called a cardiac stress test. Stop drinking black tea or other caffeine-containing products at least 24 hours before a cardiac stress test.
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Black tea contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Disulfiram can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Taking black tea along with disulfiram might increase the effects and side effects of caffeine including jitteriness, hyperactivity, irritability, and others.
Estrogens
Black tea contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Estrogens can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking estrogen and drinking black tea can increase the risk of side effects such as jitteriness, headache, and fast heartbeat.
Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
Ethosuximide is a drug used to treat seizures. Caffeine in black tea can decrease the effects of ethosuximide. Taking black tea with ethosuximide might decrease the effects of ethosuximide and increase the risk of seizures in some people.
Felbamate (Felbatol)
Felbamate is a drug used to treat seizures. Caffeine in black tea might decrease the effects of felbamate. Taking black tea with felbamate might decrease the effects of felbamate and increase the risk of seizures in some people.
Flutamide (Eulexin)
The body breaks down flutamide to get rid of it. Caffeine in black tea might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of flutamide. This could increase the levels of flutamide in the body and increase the risk of side effects.
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
Black tea contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Fluvoxamine can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking caffeine along with fluvoxamine might increase the effects and side effects of caffeine.
Lithium
The caffeine in black tea can increase how quickly the body gets rid of lithium. If you consume black tea regularly and also take lithium, don't stop black tea suddenly. Instead, slowly reduce intake of black tea. Stopping caffeine too quickly can increase the side effects of lithium.
Medications for asthma (Beta-adrenergic agonists)
Black tea contains caffeine. Caffeine can stimulate the heart. Some medications for asthma can also stimulate the heart. Taking caffeine with some medications for asthma might cause too much stimulation and cause heart problems.
Medications for depression (MAOIs)
Black tea contains caffeine. There is some concern that caffeine can interact with certain medications, called MAOIs. If caffeine is taken with these medications, it might increase the risk for serious side effects including fast heartbeat and very high blood pressure.

Some common MAOIs include phenelzine (Nardil), selegiline (Zelapar), and tranylcypromine (Parnate).
Medications moved by pumps in cells (Organic anion-transporting polypeptide substrates)
Some medications are moved in and out of cells by pumps. Black tea might change how these pumps work and change how much medication stays in the body. In some cases, this might change the effects and side effects of a medication.
Medications that decrease break down of other medications by the liver (Cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 (CYP1A2) inhibitors)
Black tea is changed and broken down by the liver. Some drugs decrease how quickly the liver changes and breaks down black tea. This could change the effects and side effects of black tea.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)
Black tea might slow blood clotting. Taking black tea along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Nicotine
Black tea contains caffeine. Caffeine can stimulate the heart. Nicotine can also stimulate the heart. Taking caffeine with nicotine might cause too much stimulation and cause heart problems, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure.
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
The stimulant effects of the caffeine in black tea might block the sleep-producing effects of pentobarbital.
Phenobarbital (Luminal)
Phenobarbital is a drug used to treat seizures. Caffeine in black tea might decrease the effects of phenobarbital and increase the risk of seizures in some people.
Phenylpropanolamine
The caffeine in black tea can stimulate the body. Phenylpropanolamine can also stimulate the body. Taking caffeine and phenylpropanolamine together might cause too much stimulation and increase heartbeat, blood pressure, and cause nervousness.
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Phenytoin is a drug used to treat seizures. Caffeine in black tea can decrease the effects of phenytoin. Taking black tea with phenytoin might decrease the effects of phenytoin and increase the risk of seizures in some people.
Pioglitazone (Actos)
Caffeine in black tea might increase the amount of pioglitazone that the body absorbs. Drinking black tea might increase the effects and adverse effects of pioglitazone.
Riluzole (Rilutek)
Drinking black tea might decrease how quickly the body breaks down riluzole and increase the effects and side effects of riluzole.
Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
Black tea might decrease how much rosuvastatin the body absorbs. Taking black tea along with rosuvastatin might decrease the effects of rosuvastatin.
Stimulant drugs
Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine, speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can increase blood pressure and speed up the heartbeat. Black tea contains caffeine. Caffeine can also speed up the nervous system. Taking black tea along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure.
Theophylline
Black tea contains caffeine. Caffeine works similarly to theophylline. Caffeine can also decrease how quickly the body gets rid of theophylline. This might cause increased effects and side effects of theophylline.
Valproate
Valproate is a drug used to treat seizures. Caffeine in black tea might decrease the effects of valproate and increase the risk of seizures in some people.
Verapamil (Calan, others)
Verapamil can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Drinking black tea and taking verapamil can increase the risk of side effects for caffeine including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Large amounts of black tea might decrease the effects of warfarin. This might increase the risk of clotting. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin might need to be changed.
Water pills (Diuretic drugs)
Black tea contains caffeine. Caffeine, especially in large amounts, can reduce potassium levels in the body. "Water pills" can also decrease potassium levels in the body. Taking large amounts of caffeine along with "water pills" might decrease potassium levels too much.
Minor
Be watchful with this combination.
Alcohol (Ethanol)
Black tea contains caffeine. The body breaks down the caffeine in black tea to get rid of it. Alcohol can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking black tea along with alcohol might increase the risk of caffeine side effects such as jitteriness, headache, and fast heartbeat.
Fluconazole (Diflucan)
Black tea contains caffeine. Fluconazole might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. This could increase the levels of caffeine in the body and increase the risk of side effects such as nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia.
Flurbiprofen (Ansaid, others)
There has been some concern that black tea might reduce the breakdown of flurbiprofen. But this does not seem to occur in humans.
Medications for depression (Tricyclic antidepressants)
Black tea contains chemicals called tannins. Tannins can bind to many medications, including tricyclic antidepressants, and decrease how much medicine the body absorbs. To avoid this interaction, avoid black tea 1 hour before and 2 hours after taking tricyclic antidepressants.
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)
Black tea contains caffeine. Caffeine can either increase or decrease blood sugar. Diabetes medications are used to lower blood sugar. Taking some medications for diabetes along with caffeine might change the effects of the diabetes medications. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.
Metformin (Glucophage)
Black tea contains caffeine. Metformin can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking black tea along with metformin might increase the effects and side effects of caffeine.
Methoxsalen (Oxsoralen)
Black tea contains caffeine. Methoxsalen can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking caffeine along with methoxsalen might increase the effects and side effects of caffeine.
Mexiletine (Mexitil)
Black tea contains caffeine. Mexiletine can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking mexiletine along with black tea might increase the side effects of caffeine.
Phenothiazines
Black tea contains chemicals called tannins. Tannins can bind to many medications, including phenothiazines, and decrease how much medicine the body absorbs. To avoid this interaction, avoid black tea one hour before and two hours after taking phenothiazine medications. There is also a concern that phenothiazines might reduce the breakdown of caffeine. This might increase levels of caffeine in the body and increase the risk of caffeine side effects.
Terbinafine (Lamisil)
Black tea contains caffeine. Terbinafine can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Taking terbinafine with black tea might increase the risk of side effects, such as jitteriness, headache, and increased heartbeat.
Tiagabine (Gabitril)
Black tea contains caffeine. Taking caffeine over a long time period along with tiagabine can increase the amount of tiagabine in the body. This might increase the effects and side effects of tiagabine.
Ticlopidine (Ticlid)
Ticlopidine can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Taking black tea along with ticlopidine might increase the effects and side effects of caffeine, including jitteriness, hyperactivity, irritability, and others.

Are there interactions with herbs and supplements?

Bitter orange
Using bitter orange along with products that contain caffeine, such as black tea, can increase blood pressure and heart rate in otherwise healthy adults with normal blood pressure. This could increase the risk of serious heart problems.
Caffeine-containing herbs and supplements
Black tea contains caffeine. Taking it along with other supplements that contain caffeine might increase caffeine side effects. Examples of supplements that contain caffeine include coffee, green tea, guarana, and yerba mate.
Calcium
High caffeine intake from foods and beverages, including black tea, flushes calcium out of the body in the urine. This might lower calcium levels in the body.
Cordyceps
Black tea contains caffeine. Cordyceps might increase how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. This might decrease the effects of caffeine.
Creatine
Combining caffeine, ephedra, and creatine might increase the risk of serious unwanted side effects. One athlete who used this combination, as well as some other supplements to improve performance, suffered a stroke. Researchers worry the stroke might have been caused by the supplements.
Danshen
Black tea contains caffeine. Danshen can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Drinking black tea and taking danshen might increase the risk of side effects, including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat.
Echinacea
Black tea contains caffeine. Echinacea can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Drinking black tea and taking echinacea might increase the risk of side effects, including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat.
Ephedra
Black tea contains caffeine. Using ephedra with caffeine might increase the risk of serious life-threatening or disabling conditions such as hypertension, heart attack, stroke, seizures, and death. Avoid this combination.
Folic acid
Black tea might reduce the amount of folic acid that the body can absorb and use.
Genistein-containing herbs and supplements
Black tea contains caffeine. A chemical called genistein can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Drinking black tea and taking genistein might increase the risk of side effects for caffeine, including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat. Examples of supplements that contain genistein include cumin, dyer's broom, kudzu, red clover, and soy.
Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting
Black tea might slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might increase the risk of bleeding in some people. Examples of supplements with this effect include garlic, ginger, ginkgo, nattokinase, and Panax ginseng.
Iron
Black tea might reduce the absorption of iron supplements. For most people, this effect will not be enough to make a difference in their health. But people who don't have enough iron should drink black tea between meals rather than with meals to avoid this interaction.
Kudzu
Black tea contains caffeine. Kudzu can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Drinking black tea and taking kudzu might increase the risk of side effects, including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat.
Magnesium
Drinking large amounts of black tea can increase the amount of magnesium that is flushed out in the urine. This might lower magnesium levels in the body.
Melatonin
Black tea contains caffeine. Taking caffeine and melatonin together can increase melatonin levels. Caffeine can also increase natural melatonin levels in healthy individuals.

Are there interactions with foods?

Black tea appears to reduce absorption of iron from foods. Drinking black tea in between meals rather than with meals should reduce this concern.

Adding milk to black tea appears to reduce some of the heart health benefits of drinking tea. Milk might bind with the antioxidants in tea and keep them from being absorbed. But it's not clear if this is a real concern.

How is it typically used?

Black tea is commonly consumed by adults as a beverage, typically in amounts of 1-4 cups daily. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.

Other names

Black Leaf Tea, Camellia sinensis, Camellia thea, Camellia theifera, Chinese Tea, English Tea, Feuille de Thé Noir, Té Negro, Tea, Thé Anglais, Thé Noir, Thea bohea, Thea sinensis, Thea viridis, Theaflavin, Théaflavine.

Methodology

To learn more about how this article was written, please see the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database methodology.

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Last reviewed - 10/02/2024