Skip navigation

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/934.html

Vitamin B6

What is it?

Vitamin B6 is a type of B vitamin. Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine are all forms of vitamin B6. It's found in certain foods and also made in a lab.

Vitamin B6 is needed for the proper function of sugars, fats, and proteins in the body. It's also necessary for the development of the brain, nerves, skin, and many other parts of the body. It's found in cereals, legumes, and eggs, and often used with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex products.

People commonly use vitamin B6 for preventing and treating vitamin B6 deficiency. It is also used for heart disease, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), depression, morning sickness, Alzheimer disease, menstrual cramps, diabetes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these other uses.

How effective is it?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.

The effectiveness ratings for VITAMIN B6 are as follows:

Effective for...

  • A rare seizure disorder that requires vitamin B6. Giving infants vitamin B6 by IV controls seizures caused by a condition called pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. IV products can only be given by a healthcare provider.
  • A condition in which the body makes abnormal red blood cells that build up iron (sideroblastic anemia). Taking vitamin B6 by mouth is effective for treating an inherited type of anemia called sideroblastic anemia.
  • Vitamin B6 deficiency. Taking vitamin B6 by mouth is effective for preventing and treating vitamin B6 deficiency.

Likely effective for...

  • High levels of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia). Taking vitamin B6 by mouth, usually with folic acid, is effective for treating high homocysteine levels in the blood.

Possibly effective for...

  • High levels of a hormone called prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) caused by antipsychotic drugs. Taking vitamin B6 by mouth reduces levels of prolactin in males with this condition.
  • Kidney stones. Taking vitamin B6 by mouth, alone or along with magnesium, can decrease the risk of kidney stones, especially in people with an inherited condition that causes kidney stones.
  • Morning sickness. Taking vitamin B6 by mouth improves symptoms of mild to moderate nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Vitamin B6 plus the drug doxylamine is recommended for those who don't get better when taking vitamin B6 alone.
  • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Taking vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) by mouth seems to improve PMS symptoms including breast pain. The lowest effective dose should be used. Higher doses will increase the chance of side effects and aren't likely to increase benefits.

Possibly ineffective for...

  • Decline in memory and thinking skills that occurs normally with age. Taking vitamin B6 by mouth doesn't improve mental function in elderly people.
  • Alzheimer disease. Taking vitamin B6 supplements by mouth or eating large amounts of vitamin B6 in the diet doesn't seem to reduce the risk for Alzheimer disease.
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome. Taking vitamin B6 by mouth doesn't seem to reduce symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome.
  • Cataracts. Taking vitamin B6 by mouth, together with folic acid and vitamin B12, doesn't prevent cataracts. It might even increase the risk of needing to have cataracts removed.
  • An adverse skin reaction caused by cancer drug treatment (chemotherapy-induced acral erythema). Taking vitamin B6 by mouth doesn't seem to prevent this skin reaction in people treated with cancer drugs. Vitamin B6 might also reduce how well certain cancer drugs work.
  • Non-cancerous growths in the large intestine and rectum (colorectal adenoma). Taking a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 by mouth doesn't reduce the risk of developing colorectal polyps.
  • Seizures in people with high blood pressure during pregnancy (eclampsia). Taking vitamin B6 by mouth or as a shot doesn't seem to reduce the risk of seizures during pregnancy. Vitamin B6 shots can only be given by a healthcare provider.
  • Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis). Taking a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 by mouth doesn't prevent broken bones in people with osteoporosis.
  • A pregnancy complication marked by high blood pressure and protein in the urine (pre-eclampsia). Taking vitamin B6 by mouth or as a shot doesn't seem to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia. Vitamin B6 shots can only be given by a healthcare provider.
  • Preterm birth. Taking vitamin B6 by mouth or as a shot doesn't seem to reduce the risk of preterm birth. Vitamin B6 shots can only be given by a healthcare provider.
There is interest in using vitamin B6 for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Is it safe?

When taken by mouth: Vitamin B6 is likely safe when used appropriately. Taking vitamin B6 in doses of 100 mg daily or less is generally considered to be safe. Vitamin B6 is possibly safe when taken in doses of 101-200 mg daily. In some people, vitamin B6 might cause nausea, stomach pain, loss of appetite, headache, and other side effects. Vitamin B6 is possibly unsafe when taken in doses of 500 mg or more daily. High doses of vitamin B6, especially 1000 mg or more daily, might cause brain and nerve problems.

Special precautions & warnings:

Pregnancy: Vitamin B6 is likely safe when taken by mouth, appropriately. It's sometimes used to control morning sickness, but should only be done so under the supervision of a healthcare provider. Taking high doses is possibly unsafe. High doses might cause newborns to have seizures.

Breast-feeding: Vitamin B6 is likely safe when taken in doses of 2 mg by mouth daily. Avoid using higher amounts. There isn't enough reliable information to know if taking higher doses of vitamin B6 is safe when breast-feeding.

Post-surgical stent placement. Avoid using a combination of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 after receiving a coronary stent. This combination may increase the risk of blood vessel narrowing.

Weight loss surgery. Taking a vitamin B6 supplement is not needed for people that have had weight loss surgery. Taking too much might increase the chance of side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and browning skin.

Are there interactions with medications?

Major
Do not take this combination.
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Vitamin B6 might increase how quickly the body breaks down phenytoin. Taking vitamin B6 along with phenytoin might decrease the effects of phenytoin and increase the risk of seizures. Do not take large doses of vitamin B6 if you are taking phenytoin.
Moderate
Be cautious with this combination.
Amiodarone (Cordarone)
Amiodarone might increase sensitivity to sunlight. Taking vitamin B6 along with amiodarone might increase the chances of sunburn, blistering, or rashes on areas of skin exposed to sunlight. Be sure to wear sunblock and protective clothing when spending time in the sun.
Medications for high blood pressure (antihypertensive drugs)
Vitamin B6 might lower blood pressure. Taking high doses of vitamin B6 along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.
Phenobarbital (Luminal)
Vitamin B6 might increase how quickly the body breaks down phenobarbital. This could decrease the effects of phenobarbital.
Minor
Be watchful with this combination.
Levodopa
Vitamin B6 can increase how quickly the body breaks down and gets rid of levodopa. But this is only a problem if you are taking levodopa alone. Most people take levodopa along with carbidopa. Carbidopa prevents this interaction from occurring. If you are taking levodopa without carbidopa, do not take vitamin B6.

Are there interactions with herbs and supplements?

Herbs and supplements that might lower blood pressure
Vitamin B6 might lower blood pressure. Taking it with other supplements that have the same effect might cause blood pressure to drop too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include andrographis, casein peptides, L-arginine, niacin, and stinging nettle.

Are there interactions with foods?

There are no known interactions with foods.

How is it typically used?

Vitamin B6 is an important nutrient. Cereal grains, legumes, vegetables, meat, and eggs are good sources of vitamin B6. The amount that should be consumed on a daily basis is called the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). For males, the RDA is 1.3 mg daily for those 19-50 years old, and 1.7 mg daily for those over 50 years. For females, the RDA is 1.3 mg daily for those 19-50 years old, and 1.5 mg daily for those over 50 years. While pregnant, the RDA is 1.9 mg daily. While breast-feeding, the RDA is 2 mg daily. In children, the RDA depends on age.

In supplements, vitamin B6 is often used alone and in products containing other B vitamins. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition.

Other names

Adermine Chlorhydrate, Adermine Hydrochloride, B Complex Vitamin, B6, Chlorhydrate de pyridoxine, Complexe de Vitamines B, Phosphate de Pyridoxal, Phosphate de Pyridoxamine, Piridoxina, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxal Phosphate, Pyridoxal 5 Phosphate, Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate, Pyridoxal-5'-Phosphate, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxamine Phosphate, Pyridoxamine-5'-Phosphate, Pyridoxine, Pyridoxine HCl, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine Phosphoserinate, Pyridoxine-5-Phosphate, Pyridoxine-5'-Phosphate, P5P, P-5-P, Vitamin B-6, Vitamina B6, Vitamine B6.

Methodology

To learn more about how this article was written, please see the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database methodology.

References

  1. Wu XK, Gao JS, Ma HL, et al. Acupuncture and doxylamine-pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy : A randomized, controlled, 2?×?2 factorial trial. Ann Intern Med 2023;176:922-933. View abstract.
  2. Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea And Vomiting Of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:e15-e30. View abstract.
  3. Lai J, Guo M, Wang D, Liu K, Hu D, Li J. Association Between Vitamin B6 and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Nutr Cancer 2023;75:1281-1294. View abstract.
  4. Young LM, Gauci S, Arnoldy L, et al. Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2022;14:5079. View abstract.
  5. Jayawardena R, Majeed S, Sooriyaarachchi P, Abeywarne U, Ranaweera P. The effects of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023. View abstract.
  6. Xiaozhe L, Meilan C, Beihui H, et al. Pyridoxine is effective for preventing hand-foot syndrome induced by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for multiple myeloma: the results of a randomized study. Integr Cancer Ther 2022;21:15347354221140402. View abstract.
  7. Zhao Y, Hu S, Zhai W, Wang M, Ran L. Clinical study of progesterone combined with vitamin B6 in the treatment of amenorrhea endocrine disorders caused by antipsychotics. Comput Math Methods Med 2022;2022:2436322. View abstract.
  8. Cheraghmakani H, Rezapour M, Asghari F, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Ghazaeian M, Tabrizi N. Pyridoxine for treatment of levetiracetam-induced behavioral adverse events: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsy Behav 2022;136:108938. View abstract.
  9. Lob K, Bassell-Hawkins J, Patil R, Nie D, Bartolini L. Vitamin B6 decreases the risk of levetiracetam discontinuation in children with epilepsy: a retrospective study. Epilepsy Behav 2022;134:108839. View abstract.
  10. Ghavidel-Parsa B, Naeimi A, Gharibpoor F, et al. Effect of vitamin B6 on pain, disease severity, and psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients; a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022;23:664. View abstract.
  11. Field DT, Cracknell RO, Eastwood JR, et al. High-dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2022;37:e2852. View abstract.
  12. Wu S, Feng P, Li W, et al. Dietary folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 and risk of cardiovascular diseases among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a case-control study. Ann Nutr Metab 2022. View abstract.
  13. Bo Y, Xu H, Zhang H, et al. Intakes of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a national population-based cohort. Nutrients 2022;14:2253. View abstract.
  14. Jadidi A, Rezaei Ashtiani A, Khanmohamadi Hezaveh A, Aghaepour SM. Therapeutic effects of magnesium and vitamin B6 in alleviating the symptoms of restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022;23:1. View abstract.
  15. Rizzo R, Prato A, Scerbo M, Saia F, Barone R, Curatolo P. Use of Nutritional Supplements Based on L-Theanine and Vitamin B6 in Children with Tourette Syndrome, with Anxiety Disorders: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022;14:852. View abstract.
  16. Romoli M, Perucca E, Sen A. Pyridoxine supplementation for levetiracetam-related neuropsychiatric adverse events: A systematic review. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;103(Pt A):106861. View abstract.
  17. Kataria N, Yadav P, Kumar R, ET AL. Effect of vitamin B6, B9, and B12 supplementation on homocysteine level and cardiovascular outcomes in stroke patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cureus. 2021;13:e14958. View abstract.
  18. Tanigawa J, Nabatame S, Tominaga K, et al. High-dose pyridoxine treatment for inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency. Brain Dev 2021;43:680-687. View abstract.
  19. Li H, Chen M, Liang S, et al. Excessive vitamin B6 during treatment is related to poor prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A U-shaped distribution suggests low dose supplement. Clin Nutr 2021;40:2293-2300. View abstract.
  20. Wu Y, Zhang L, Li S, Zhang D. Associations of dietary vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2021. View abstract.
  21. Badrfam R, Mostafavi SA, Khaleghi A, et al. The efficacy of vitamin B6 as an adjunctive therapy to lithium in improving the symptoms of acute mania in patients with bipolar disorder, type 1; a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Brain Behav 2021;11:e2394. View abstract.
  22. Haidari F, Mohammadshahi M, Zarei M, Haghighizadeh MH, Mirzaee F. The effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride supplementation on leptin, adiponectin, glycemic indices, and anthropometric indices in obese and overweight women. Clin Nutr Res 2021;10:230-242. View abstract.
  23. Kobayashi T, Kessoku T, Ozaki A, et al. Vitamin B6 efficacy in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-label, single-arm, single-center trial. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021;68:181-186. View abstract.
  24. Dreischmeier E, Zuloaga A, Kotloski RJ, Karasov AO, Gidal BE. Levetiracetam-associated irritability and potential role of vitamin B6 use in veterans with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2021;16:100452. View abstract.
  25. Zhuo C, Xu Y, Wang H, et al. Safety and efficacy of high-dose vitamin B6 as an adjunctive treatment for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in male patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:681418. View abstract.
  26. Gupta M, Gallante B, Bamberger JN, et al. Prospective randomized evaluation of idiopathic hyperoxaluria treatments. J Endourol 2021;35:1844-1851. View abstract.
  27. Khodadad M, Bahadoran P, Kheirabadi GR, Sabzghabaee AM. Can vitamin B6 help to prevent postpartum depression? A randomized controlled trial. Int J Prev Med 2021;12:136. View abstract.
  28. Bayat A, Aledo-Serrano A, Gil-Nagel A, et al. Pyridoxine or pyridoxal-5-phosphate treatment for seizures in glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency: A cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022. View abstract.
  29. Mahmoud A, Tabassum S, Al Enazi S, et al. Amelioration of levetiracetam-induced behavioral side effects by pyridoxine. A randomized double blind controlled study. Pediatr Neurol 2021;119:15-21. View abstract.
  30. Lian S, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. Pyridoxine for prevention of hand-foot syndrome caused by chemotherapy agents: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020. View abstract.
  31. Charalambous A, Tsitsi T, Astras G, Paikousis L, Filippou E. A pilot randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of the topical application of pyridoxine on palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) induced by capecitabine or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2020;50:101866. View abstract.
  32. Aydin Köker S, Gözmen S, Demirag B, et al. Effect of pyridoxine plus pyridostigmine treatment on vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a single-center experience. Neurol Sci. 2021. View abstract.
  33. Wei DH, Mao QQ. Vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine and risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. Nutr J. 2020;19:111. View abstract.
  34. Settlement Reached for Health Claim Relating B Vitamins and Vascular Disease. May 2001. Available at: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171114183729/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072855.htm. Accessed on: March 20, 2020.
  35. Boelig RC, Barton SJ, Saccone G, Kelly AJ, Edwards SJ, Berghella V. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;31:2492-505. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1342805. View abstract.
  36. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;31:2509-14. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. View abstract.
  37. Fanidi A, Muller DC, Yuan JM, et al. Circulating Folate, Vitamin B6, and Methionine in Relation to Lung Cancer Risk in the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium (LC3). J Natl Cancer Inst 2018;110. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djx119. View abstract.
  38. Persaud N, Meaney C, El-Emam K, et al. Doxylamine-pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy randomized placebo controlled trial: Prespecified analyses and reanalysis. PLoS One 2018;13:e0189978. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189978. eCollection 2018. View abstract.
  39. Chalermchai T, Tantiphlachiva K, Suwanrusme H, Voravud N, Sriuranpong V. Randomized trial of two different doses of pyridoxine in the prevention of capecitabine-associated palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2010;6:155-60. View abstract.
  40. Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D, Dayer M. Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;8:CD006612. View abstract.
  41. Cupa N, Schulte DM, Ahrens M, Schreiber S, Laudes M. Vitamin B6 intoxication after inappropriate supplementation with micronutrients following bariatric surgery. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69:862-3. View abstract.
  42. Gougeon L, Payette H, Morais JA, Gaudreau P, Shatenstein B, Gray-Donald K. Intakes of folate, vitamin B6 and B12 and risk of depression in community-dwelling older adults: the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Aging. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70:380-5. View abstract.
  43. Salam RA, Zuberi NF, Bhutta ZA. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;:CD000179. View abstract.
  44. Dong H, Pi F, Ding Z, Chen W, Pang S, Dong W, Zhang Q. Efficacy of supplementation with B Vitamins for stroke prevention: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0137533. View abstract.
  45. Mocellin S, Briarava M, Pilati P. Vitamin B6 and cancer risk: A field synopsis and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109:1-9. View abstract.
  46. Garcia Lopez M, Bønaa KH, Ebbing M, et al. B vitamins and hip fracture: Secondary analyses and extended follow-up of two large randomized controlled trials. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32:1981-1989. View abstract.
  47. Spence JD, Yi Q, Hankey GJ. B vitamins in stroke prevention: time to reconsider. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:750-760. View abstract.
  48. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, et al. Folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in combination and age-related cataract in a randomized trial of women. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016;23:32-9. View abstract.
  49. Scholey A, Benson S, Gibbs A, Perry N, Sarris J, Murray G. Exploring the effects of Lactium and zizyphus complex on sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 17;9:E154. View abstract.
  50. Leklem JE. Vitamin B-6: a status report. J Nutr. 1990 Nov;120 Suppl 11:1503-7. View abstract.
  51. Mason DY, Emerson PM. Primary acquired sideroblastic anaemia: response to treatment with pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Br Med J. 1973 Feb 17; 1: 389-390. View abstract.
  52. Snell EE. History of Vitamin B6. Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 and PQQ. Marino G, Sannia G, Bossa F, Eds. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Basel, 1994. 1-5.
  53. Shalita AR, Falcon R, Olansky A, Iannotta P, Akhavan A, Day D, Janiga A, Singri P, Kallal JE. Inflammatory acne management with a novel prescription dietary supplement. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:1428-33. View abstract.
  54. Oliveira LG, Capp SM, You WB, Riffenburgh RH, Carstairs SD. Ondansetron compared with doxylamine and pyridoxine for treatment of nausea in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Oct;124:735-42. View abstract.
  55. Hoyer-Kuhn H, Kohbrok S, Volland R, Franklin J, Hero B, Beck BB, Hoppe B. Vitamin B6 in primary hyperoxaluria I: first prospective trial after 40 years of practice. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Mar;9:468-77.View abstract.
  56. Eyüboglu T, Derinöz O. Rhabdomyolysis due to isoniazid poisoning resulting from the use of intramuscular pyridoxine. Turk J Pediatr. 2013 May-Jun;55:328-30. View abstract.
  57. Derakhshanfar H, Amree AH, Alimohammadi H, Shojahe M, Sharami A. Results of double blind placebo controlled trial to assess the effect of vitamin B6 on managing of nausea and vomiting in pediatrics with acute gastroenteritis. Glob J Health Sci. 2013 Sep 29;5:197-201. View abstract.
  58. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) - monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2001 Feb;6:87-92. View abstract.
  59. Var C, Keller S, Tung R, Freeland D, Bazzano AN. Supplementation with vitamin B6 reduces side effects in Cambodian women using oral contraception. Nutrients. 2014 Aug 26;6:3353-62. View abstract.
  60. Song Y, Manson JE, Lee IM, et al. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B, and vitamin B on colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:1562-75. View abstract.
  61. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW, Yi Q, et al. Antiplatelet therapy and the effects of B vitamins in patients with previous stroke and transient ischemic attack: A post-hoc subanalysis of VITATOPS, a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:512-20. View abstract.
  62. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW, Yi Q, et al. Treatment with B vitamins and incidence of cancer in patients with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2012;43:1572-7. View abstract.
  63. Gommans J, Yi Q, Eikelboom JW, et al. The effect of homocysteine-lowering and B-vitamins on osteoporotic fractures in patients with cerebrovascular disease: Substudy of VITATOPS, a randomised placebo-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2013;13:88. View abstract.
  64. Fonseca VA, Lavery LA, Thethi TK, et al. Metanx in type 2 diabetes with peripheral neuropathy: A randomized trial. Am J Med 2013;126:141-9. View abstract.
  65. Douaud G, Refsum H, de Jager CA, et al. Preventing Alzheimer's disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:9523-8. View abstract.
  66. Ahmadi N, Nabavi V, Hajsadeghi F, et al. Aged garlic extract with supplement is associated with increase in brown adipose, decrease in white adipose tissue and predict lack of progression in coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:2310-4. View abstract.
  67. Fan Y. Observation on the therapeutic effect of moxibustion for treatment of pregnant vomiting. World Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion 1995;5:31-33.
  68. Esperanza-Salazar-De-Roldan M and Ruiz-Castro S. Primary dysmenorrhea treatment with ibuprofen and vitamin E. Revista de Obstetricia y Ginecologia de Venezuela 1993;53:35-37.
  69. Baker F, Picton D, Blackwood S, Hunt J, Erskine M, and Dyas M. Blinded comparison of folic acid and placebo in patients with ischaemic heart disease: an outcome trial. Circulation 2002;106(Suppl II):741.
  70. Cuskelly GJ, McNulty H, McPartlin JM, Strain JJ, and Scott JM. Plasma homocysteine response to folate intervention in young women. Ir J Med Sci 1995;164:3.
  71. Abraham GE and Hargrove JT. Effect of vitamin B6 on premenstrual symptomatology in women with premenstrual tension syndromes: A double blind crossover study. Infertil 1980;3:155-165.
  72. Turner S and Mills S. A double-blind clinical trial on a herbal remedy for premenstrual syndrome: A case study. Complement TherMed 1993;1:73-77.
  73. Corney RH, Stanton R, and Newell R. Comparison of progesterone, placebo and behavioural psychotherapy in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1990;11:211-220.
  74. Ferlin MLS, Chuan LS, Jorge SM, and Vannucchi H. Early anemia of prematurity. Nutr.Res 1998;18:1161-1173.
  75. Garcia OP, Diaz M, Rosado JL, and Allen LH. Community trial of the efficacy of lime juice for improving iron status of iron deficient Mexican women. FASEB J 1998;12:A647.
  76. Semba RD, Muhilal, and West KP. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on hematological indicators of iron metabolism and protein status in children. Nutr.Res 1992;12:469-478.
  77. Blanchette V, Bell E, Nahmias C, Garnett S, Milner R, and Zipursky A. A randomized control trial of vitamin E therapy in the prevention of anemia in low birth weight (LBW) infants. Pediatr.Res 1980;14:591.
  78. Kulapongs P. The effect of vitamin E on the anemia of protein-calorie malnutrition in northern Thai children. In: Olsen RE, ed. Protein-Calorie Malnutrition. New York: Academic Press 1975;263-268.
  79. Beynon RJ, Quinlivan RCM, Hopkins P, White L, Bartram C, and Phoenix J. McArdle's Disease: molecular genetics, clinical heterogeneity and a therapeutic trial. Muscle & Nerve 1998;S30
  80. Davis LS. Stress, vitamin B6 and magnesium in women with and without dysmenorrhea: a comparison and intervention study. 1988;
  81. Lauritzen CH, Reuter HD, Repges R, Bohnert K, and Schmidt U. Treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome with Vitex agnus castus. Controlled, double-blind study versus pyridoxine. Phytomed 1997;4:183-189.
  82. O'Brien, P. M. and Abukhalil, I. E. Randomized controlled trial of the management of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual mastalgia using luteal phase-only danazol. Am.J Obstet.Gynecol. 1999;180(1 Pt 1):18-23. View abstract.
  83. Taskin, O., Gokdeniz, R., Yalcinoglu, A., Buhur, A., Burak, F., Atmaca, R., and Ozekici, U. Placebo-controlled cross-over study of effects of tibolone on premenstrual symptoms and peripheral beta-endorphin concentrations in premenstrual syndrome. Hum.Reprod. 1998;13:2402-2405. View abstract.
  84. Blake, F., Salkovskis, P., Gath, D., Day, A., and Garrod, A. Cognitive therapy for premenstrual syndrome: a controlled trial. J Psychosom.Res. 1998;45:307-318. View abstract.
  85. Diegoli, M. S., da Fonseca, A. M., Diegoli, C. A., and Pinotti, J. A. A double-blind trial of four medications to treat severe premenstrual syndrome. Int J Gynaecol.Obstet. 1998;62:63-67. View abstract.
  86. Leeda, M., Riyazi, N., de Vries, J. I., Jakobs, C., van Geijn, H. P., and Dekker, G. A. Effects of folic acid and vitamin B6 supplementation on women with hyperhomocysteinemia and a history of preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1998;179:135-139. View abstract.
  87. Phoenix, J., Hopkins, P., Bartram, C., Beynon, R. J., Quinlivan, R. C., and Edwards, R. H. Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation in McArdle's disease: a strategic case study. Neuromuscul.Disord. 1998;8(3-4):210-212. View abstract.
  88. Rantala, H., Tarkka, R., and Uhari, M. A meta-analytic review of the preventive treatment of recurrences of febrile seizures. J Pediatr. 1997;131:922-925. View abstract.
  89. Walker, B. R. Abnormal glucocorticoid activity in subjects with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Endocr.Res. 1996;22:701-708. View abstract.
  90. Studd, J. and Leather, A. T. The need for add-back with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. Br J Obstet.Gynaecol. 1996;103 Suppl 14:1-4. View abstract.
  91. Lal, K. J., Dakshinamurti, K., and Thliveris, J. The effect of vitamin B6 on the systolic blood pressure of rats in various animal models of hypertension. J Hypertens. 1996;14:355-363. View abstract.
  92. O'Brien, B., Relyea, M. J., and Taerum, T. Efficacy of P6 acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Am.J Obstet.Gynecol. 1996;174:708-715. View abstract.
  93. Aybak, M., Sermet, A., Ayyildiz, M. O., and Karakilcik, A. Z. Effect of oral pyridoxine hydrochloride supplementation on arterial blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45:1271-1273. View abstract.
  94. Mabin, D. C., Hollis, S., Lockwood, J., and David, T. J. Pyridoxine in atopic dermatitis. Br.J.Dermatol. 1995;133:764-767. View abstract.
  95. Wang, M., Hammarback, S., Lindhe, B. A., and Backstrom, T. Treatment of premenstrual syndrome by spironolactone: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 1995;74:803-808. View abstract.
  96. Spellacy, W. N., Buhi, W. C., and Birk, S. A. Vitamin B6 treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: studies of blood glucose and plasma insulin. Am.J Obstet.Gynecol. 3-15-1977;127:599-602. View abstract.
  97. Oleson T, Flocco W. Randomized controlled study of premenstrual symptoms treated with ear, hand, and foot reflexology. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:906-11. View abstract.
  98. Spooner, G. R., Desai, H. B., Angel, J. F., Reeder, B. A., and Donat, J. R. Using pyridoxine to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. Randomized control trial. Can.Fam.Physician 1993;39:2122-2127. View abstract.
  99. Sundblad, C., Hedberg, M. A., and Eriksson, E. Clomipramine administered during the luteal phase reduces the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: a placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993;9:133-145. View abstract.
  100. Werch, A. and Kane, R. E. Treatment of premenstrual tension with metolazone: a double-blind evaluation of a new diuretic. Curr.Ther.Res.Clin.Exp. 1976;19:565-572. View abstract.
  101. Belluomini, J., Litt, R. C., Lee, K. A., and Katz, M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet.Gynecol. 1994;84:245-248. View abstract.
  102. Hahn, P. M., Van Vugt, D. A., and Reid, R. L. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of danazol for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1995;20:193-209. View abstract.
  103. Macdonald, H. N., Collins, Y. D., Tobin, M. J., and Wijayarathne, D. N. The failure of pyridoxine in suppression of puerperal lactation. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1976;83:54-55. View abstract.
  104. Mattes, J. A. and Martin, D. Pyridoxine in premenstrual depression. Hum.Nutr Appl.Nutr 1982;36:131-133. View abstract.
  105. Scaglione, D. and Vecchione, A. Pyridoxine for the suppression of lactation--a clinical trial on 1592 cases. Acta Vitaminol.Enzymol. 1982;4:207-214. View abstract.
  106. McKiernan, J., Mellor, D. H., and Court, S. A controlled trial of pyridoxine supplementation in children with febrile convulsions. Clin.Pediatr.(Phila) 1981;20:208-211. View abstract.
  107. Boes, E. G. Inhibition of puerperal lactation: A comparative study of bromocriptine and pyridoxine. S.Afr.Med.J. 5-31-1980;57:900-903. View abstract.
  108. Schuster, K., Bailey, L. B., and Mahan, C. S. Effect of maternal pyridoxine X HCl supplementation on the vitamin B-6 status of mother and infant and on pregnancy outcome. J Nutr 1984;114:977-988. View abstract.
  109. Wolaniuk, A., Vadhanavikit, S., and Folkers, K. Electromyographic data differentiate patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome when double blindly treated with pyridoxine and placebo. Res.Commun.Chem.Pathol.Pharmacol. 1983;41:501-511. View abstract.
  110. Temesvari, P., Szilagyi, I., Eck, E., and Boda, D. Effects of an antenatal load of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) on the blood oxygen affinity and prolactin levels in newborn infants and their mothers. Acta Paediatr.Scand. 1983;72:525-529. View abstract.
  111. Barr, W. Pyridoxine supplements in the premenstrual syndrome. Practitioner 1984;228:425-427. View abstract.
  112. Jakubowicz, D. L., Godard, E., and Dewhurst, J. The treatment of premenstrual tension with mefenamic acid: analysis of prostaglandin concentrations. Br J Obstet.Gynaecol. 1984;91:78-84. View abstract.
  113. Erez, S., Schifrin, B. S., and Dirim, O. Double-blind evaluation of hydroxyzine as an antiemetic in pregancy. J Reprod.Med 1971;7:35-37. View abstract.
  114. McGuinness, B. W. and Binns, D. T. 'Debendox' in pregnancy sickness. J R.Coll.Gen.Pract. 1971;21:500-503. View abstract.
  115. Krishnamurthy, D. V., Selkon, J. B., Ramachandran, K., Devadatta, S., Mitchison, D. A., Radhakrishna, S., and Stott, H. Effect of pyridoxine on vitamin B6 concentrations and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity in whole blood of tuberculous patients receiving high-dosage isoniazid. Bull.World Health Organ 1967;36:853-870. View abstract.
  116. Hoffer, A. Treatment of hyperkinetic children with nicotinamide and pyridoxine. Can.Med Assoc.J 7-22-1972;107:111-112. View abstract.
  117. Adams, P. W., Rose, D. P., Folkard, J., Wynn, V., Seed, M., and Strong, R. Effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B 6 ) upon depression associated with oral contraception. Lancet 4-28-1973;1:899-904. View abstract.
  118. Stokes, J. and Mendels, J. Pyridoxine and premenstrual tension. Lancet 5-27-1972;1:1177-1178. View abstract.
  119. Hagen, I., Nesheim, B. I., and Tuntland, T. No effect of vitamin B-6 against premenstrual tension. A controlled clinical study. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 1985;64:667-670. View abstract.
  120. Williams, M. J., Harris, R. I., and Dean, B. C. Controlled trial of pyridoxine in the premenstrual syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1985;13:174-179. View abstract.
  121. Vellacott, I. D., Shroff, N. E., Pearce, M. Y., Stratford, M. E., and Akbar, F. A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of spironolactone in the premenstrual syndrome. Curr.Med Res.Opin. 1987;10:450-456. View abstract.
  122. Gunston, K. D. Premenstrual syndrome in Cape Town. Part II. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of mefenamic acid. S.Afr.Med J 8-2-1986;70:159-160. View abstract.
  123. Mira, M., McNeil, D., Fraser, I. S., Vizzard, J., and Abraham, S. Mefenamic acid in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Obstet.Gynecol. 1986;68:395-398. View abstract.
  124. Smallwood, J., Ah-Kye, D., and Taylor, I. Vitamin B6 in the treatment of pre-menstrual mastalgia. Br J Clin.Pract. 1986;40:532-533. View abstract.
  125. Kendall, K. E. and Schnurr, P. P. The effects of vitamin B6 supplementation on premenstrual symptoms. Obstet.Gynecol. 1987;70:145-149. View abstract.
  126. Smith, S., Rinehart, J. S., Ruddock, V. E., and Schiff, I. Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with alprazolam: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover clinical trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 1987;70:37-43. View abstract.
  127. Facchinetti, F., Fioroni, L., Sances, G., Romano, G., Nappi, G., and Genazzani, A. R. Naproxen sodium in the treatment of premenstrual symptoms. A placebo-controlled study. Gynecol.Obstet.Invest 1989;28:205-208. View abstract.
  128. Watson, N. R., Studd, J. W., Savvas, M., Garnett, T., and Baber, R. J. Treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome with oestradiol patches and cyclical oral norethisterone. Lancet 9-23-1989;2:730-732. View abstract.
  129. Doll, H., Brown, S., Thurston, A., and Vessey, M. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. J R.Coll.Gen.Pract. 1989;39:364-368. View abstract.
  130. Harrison, W. M., Endicott, J., and Nee, J. Treatment of premenstrual dysphoria with alprazolam. A controlled study. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 1990;47:270-275. View abstract.
  131. Fontana-Klaiber, H. and Hogg, B. [Therapeutic effects of magnesium in dysmenorrhea]. Schweiz.Rundsch.Med Prax. 4-17-1990;79:491-494. View abstract.
  132. Marti-Carvajal, A. J., Sola, I., Lathyris, D., Karakitsiou, D. E., and Simancas-Racines, D. Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2013;1:CD006612. View abstract.
  133. Myung, S. K., Ju, W., Cho, B., Oh, S. W., Park, S. M., Koo, B. K., and Park, B. J. Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013;346:f10. View abstract.
  134. Casson, P., Hahn, P. M., Van Vugt, D. A., and Reid, R. L. Lasting response to ovariectomy in severe intractable premenstrual syndrome. Am.J Obstet.Gynecol. 1990;162:99-105. View abstract.
  135. Casper, R. F. and Hearn, M. T. The effect of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy in women with severe premenstrual syndrome. Am.J Obstet.Gynecol. 1990;162:105-109. View abstract.
  136. Oladapo, O. T. and Fawole, B. Treatments for suppression of lactation. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;9:CD005937. View abstract.
  137. Dror, D. K. and Allen, L. H. Interventions with vitamins B6, B12 and C in pregnancy. Paediatr.Perinat.Epidemiol. 2012;26 Suppl 1:55-74. View abstract.
  138. Cochat, P., Hulton, S. A., Acquaviva, C., Danpure, C. J., Daudon, M., De, Marchi M., Fargue, S., Groothoff, J., Harambat, J., Hoppe, B., Jamieson, N. V., Kemper, M. J., Mandrile, G., Marangella, M., Picca, S., Rumsby, G., Salido, E., Straub, M., and van Woerden, C. S. Primary hyperoxaluria Type 1: indications for screening and guidance for diagnosis and treatment. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2012;27:1729-1736. View abstract.
  139. Offringa, M. and Newton, R. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD003031. View abstract.
  140. Osborn, M. F. and Gath, D. H. Psychological and physical determinants of premenstrual symptoms before and after hysterectomy. Psychol.Med 1990;20:565-572. View abstract.
  141. Grajecki, D., Zyriax, B. C., and Buhling, K. J. The effect of micronutrient supplements on female fertility: a systematic review. Arch.Gynecol.Obstet. 2012;285:1463-1471. View abstract.
  142. Wilson, S. M., Bivins, B. N., Russell, K. A., and Bailey, L. B. Oral contraceptive use: impact on folate, vitamin B, and vitamin B status. Nutr.Rev. 2011;69:572-583. View abstract.
  143. Goodale, I. L., Domar, A. D., and Benson, H. Alleviation of premenstrual syndrome symptoms with the relaxation response. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:649-655. View abstract.
  144. Ashworth, N. L. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2010;2010 View abstract.
  145. van der Watt, J. J., Harrison, T. B., Benatar, M., and Heckmann, J. M. Polyneuropathy, anti-tuberculosis treatment and the role of pyridoxine in the HIV/AIDS era: a systematic review. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. 2011;15:722-728. View abstract.
  146. Quinlivan, R., Martinuzzi, A., and Schoser, B. Pharmacological and nutritional treatment for McArdle disease (Glycogen Storage Disease type V). Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2010;:CD003458. View abstract.
  147. Scharer, G., Brocker, C., Vasiliou, V., Creadon-Swindell, G., Gallagher, R. C., Spector, E., and Van Hove, J. L. The genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy due to mutations in ALDH7A1. J Inherit.Metab Dis. 2010;33:571-581. View abstract.
  148. Gupta, T. and Sharma, R. An antilactogenic effect of pyridoxine. J Indian Med Assoc. 1990;88:336-337. View abstract.
  149. Larsson, S. C., Orsini, N., and Wolk, A. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 3-17-2010;303:1077-1083. View abstract.
  150. Ashworth, N. L. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2007;2007 View abstract.
  151. Kwan, I. and Onwude, J. L. Premenstrual syndrome. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2007;2007 View abstract.
  152. Bundred, N. J. Breast pain. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2007;2007 View abstract.
  153. Festin, M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2007;2007 View abstract.
  154. Parr, J. Autism. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2008;2008 View abstract.
  155. Lopez, L. M., Kaptein, A. A., and Helmerhorst, F. M. Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2009;:CD006586. View abstract.
  156. Brown, J., O' Brien, P. M., Marjoribanks, J., and Wyatt, K. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2009;:CD001396. View abstract.
  157. Puangsricharern, A. and Mahasukhon, S. Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2008;91:1633-1638. View abstract.
  158. de, Vogel S., Dindore, V., van, Engeland M., Goldbohm, R. A., van den Brandt, P. A., and Weijenberg, M. P. Dietary folate, methionine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 and risk of sporadic colorectal cancer. J Nutr 2008;138:2372-2378. View abstract.
  159. Deeny, M., Hawthorn, R., and McKay, Hart D. Low dose danazol in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. Postgrad.Med J 1991;67:450-454. View abstract.
  160. Steiner, M., Ravindran, A. V., LeMelledo, J. M., Carter, D., Huang, J. O., Anonychuk, A. M., and Simpson, S. D. Luteal phase administration of paroxetine for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Canadian women. J Clin.Psychiatry 2008;69:991-998. View abstract.
  161. Movafegh, A., Alizadeh, R., Hajimohamadi, F., Esfehani, F., and Nejatfar, M. Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth.Analg. 2008;106:1728-1732. View abstract.
  162. Theodoratou, E., Farrington, S. M., Tenesa, A., McNeill, G., Cetnarskyj, R., Barnetson, R. A., Porteous, M. E., Dunlop, M. G., and Campbell, H. Dietary vitamin B6 intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:171-182. View abstract.
  163. Lerner, V., Miodownik, C., Kaptsan, A., Bersudsky, Y., Libov, I., Sela, B. A., and Witztum, E. Vitamin B6 treatment for tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Clin.Psychiatry 2007;68:1648-1654. View abstract.
  164. Herrmann, M., Umanskaya, N., Traber, L., Schmidt-Gayk, H., Menke, W., Lanzer, G., Lenhart, M., Peter, Schmidt J., and Herrmann, W. The effect of B-vitamins on biochemical bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in osteoporotic patients: a 1-year double blind placebo controlled trial. Clin.Chem.Lab Med 2007;45:1785-1792. View abstract.
  165. Maggini, S., Wintergerst, E. S., Beveridge, S., and Hornig, D. H. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br J Nutr 2007;98 Suppl 1:S29-S35. View abstract.
  166. Piazzini, D. B., Aprile, I., Ferrara, P. E., Bertolini, C., Tonali, P., Maggi, L., Rabini, A., Piantelli, S., and Padua, L. A systematic review of conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin.Rehabil 2007;21:299-314. View abstract.
  167. Morse, C. A., Dennerstein, L., Farrell, E., and Varnavides, K. A comparison of hormone therapy, coping skills training, and relaxation for the relief of premenstrual syndrome. J Behav Med 1991;14:469-489. View abstract.
  168. Green, T. J., McMahon, J. A., Skeaff, C. M., Williams, S. M., and Whiting, S. J. Lowering homocysteine with B vitamins has no effect on biomarkers of bone turnover in older persons: a 2-y randomized controlled trial. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2007;85:460-464. View abstract.
  169. Kashanian, M., Mazinani, R., and Jalalmanesh, S. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) therapy for premenstrual syndrome. Int J Gynaecol.Obstet. 2007;96:43-44. View abstract.
  170. Contreras, C. M., Azamar-Arizmendi, G., Saavedra, M., and Hernandez-Lozano, M. A five-day gradual reduction regimen of chlormadinone reduces premenstrual anxiety and depression: a pilot study. Arch.Med Res. 2006;37:907-913. View abstract.
  171. Mousain-Bosc, M., Roche, M., Polge, A., Pradal-Prat, D., Rapin, J., and Bali, J. P. Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Magnes.Res. 2006;19:46-52. View abstract.
  172. Hellberg, D., Claesson, B., and Nilsson, S. Premenstrual tension: a placebo-controlled efficacy study with spironolactone and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Int J Gynaecol.Obstet. 1991;34:243-248. View abstract.
  173. Cheng, C. H., Chang, S. J., Lee, B. J., Lin, K. L., and Huang, Y. C. Vitamin B6 supplementation increases immune responses in critically ill patients. Eur.J Clin.Nutr 2006;60:1207-1213. View abstract.
  174. Thaver, D., Saeed, M. A., and Bhutta, Z. A. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2006;:CD000179. View abstract.
  175. Miodownik, C., Lerner, V., Statsenko, N., Dwolatzky, T., Nemets, B., Berzak, E., and Bergman, J. Vitamin B6 versus mianserin and placebo in acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Clin.Neuropharmacol. 2006;29:68-72. View abstract.
  176. Herrmann, M., Stanger, O., Paulweber, B., Hufnagl, C., and Herrmann, W. Folate supplementation does not affect biochemical markers of bone turnover. Clin.Lab 2006;52(3-4):131-136. View abstract.
  177. Metcalf, M. G., Braiden, V., Livesey, J. H., and Wells, J. E. The premenstrual syndrome: amelioration of symptoms after hysterectomy. J Psychosom.Res. 1992;36:569-584. View abstract.
  178. Been, J. V., Bok, L. A., Andriessen, P., and Renier, W. O. Epidemiology of pyridoxine dependent seizures in the Netherlands. Arch.Dis.Child 2005;90:1293-1296. View abstract.
  179. Krasnik, C., Montori, V. M., Guyatt, G. H., Heels-Ansdell, D., and Busse, J. W; Medically Unexplained Syndromes Study Group. The effect of bright light therapy on depression associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193(3 Pt 1):658-661. View abstract.
  180. Williams, A. L., Cotter, A., Sabina, A., Girard, C., Goodman, J., and Katz, D. L. The role for vitamin B-6 as treatment for depression: a systematic review. Fam.Pract. 2005;22:532-537. View abstract.
  181. Kilicdag, E. B., Bagis, T., Tarim, E., Aslan, E., Erkanli, S., Simsek, E., Haydardedeoglu, B., and Kuscu, E. Administration of B-group vitamins reduces circulating homocysteine in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients treated with metformin: a randomized trial. Hum.Reprod. 2005;20:1521-1528. View abstract.
  182. Sato, Y., Honda, Y., Iwamoto, J., Kanoko, T., and Satoh, K. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 3-2-2005;293:1082-1088. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.
  183. Can vitamin therapy prevent restenosis? Conflicting studies indicate the jury is still out on folate therapy after angioplasty. Health News 2004;10:10-11. View abstract.
  184. Lerner, V., Bergman, J., Statsenko, N., and Miodownik, C. Vitamin B6 treatment in acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin.Psychiatry 2004;65:1550-1554. View abstract.
  185. Mousain-Bosc, M., Roche, M., Rapin, J., and Bali, J. P. Magnesium VitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. J Am.Coll.Nutr 2004;23:545S-548S. View abstract.
  186. Sundblad, C., Modigh, K., Andersch, B., and Eriksson, E. Clomipramine effectively reduces premenstrual irritability and dysphoria: a placebo-controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr.Scand. 1992;85:39-47. View abstract.
  187. Goodyear-Smith, F. and Arroll, B. What can family physicians offer patients with carpal tunnel syndrome other than surgery? A systematic review of nonsurgical management. Ann.Fam.Med 2004;2:267-273. View abstract.
  188. Wyatt, K. M., Dimmock, P. W., Ismail, K. M., Jones, P. W., and O'Brien, P. M. The effectiveness of GnRHa with and without 'add-back' therapy in treating premenstrual syndrome: a meta analysis. BJOG. 2004;111:585-593. View abstract.
  189. Aufiero, E., Stitik, T. P., Foye, P. M., and Chen, B. Pyridoxine hydrochloride treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a review. Nutr Rev 2004;62:96-104. View abstract.
  190. Malouf, R. and Grimley, Evans J. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2003;:CD004393. View abstract.
  191. Jewell, D. and Young, G. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2003;:CD000145. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.
  192. Bsat, F. A., Hoffman, D. E., and Seubert, D. E. Comparison of three outpatient regimens in the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. J Perinatol. 2003;23:531-535. View abstract.
  193. PRICE, J. J. and BARRY, M. C. A DOUBLE BLIND STUDY OF FLUPHENAZINE WITH PYRIDOXINE. Pa Med J 1964;67:37-40. View abstract.
  194. NEWLINDS, J. S. NAUSEA AND VOMITING IN PREGNANCY: A TRIAL OF THIETHYLPERAZINE. Med J Aust. 2-15-1964;1:234-236. View abstract.
  195. HILLMAN, R. W., CABAUD, P. G., NILSSON, D. E., ARPIN, P. D., and TUFANO, R. J. Pyridoxine supplementation during pregnancy. Clinical and laboratory observations. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1963;12:427-430. View abstract.
  196. HILLMAN, R. W., CABAUD, P. G., and SCHENONE, R. A. The effects of pyridoxine supplements on the dental caries experience of pregnant women. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1962;10:512-515. View abstract.
  197. SWARTWOUT, J. R., UNGLAUB, W. G., and SMITH, R. C. Vitamin B6, serum lipids and placental arteriolar lesions in human pregnancy. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1960;8:434-444. View abstract.
  198. GEIGER, C. J., FAHRENBACH, D. M., and HEALEY, F. J. Bendectin in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet.Gynecol. 1959;14:688-690. View abstract.
  199. WACHSTEIN, M. and GRAFFEO, L. W. Influence of vitamin B6 on the incidence of preeclampsia. Obstet.Gynecol. 1956;8:177-180. View abstract.
  200. Viera, A. J. Management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Am.Fam.Physician 7-15-2003;68:265-272. View abstract.
  201. Rosen, T., de, Veciana M., Miller, H. S., Stewart, L., Rebarber, A., and Slotnick, R. N. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet.Gynecol. 2003;102:129-135. View abstract.
  202. Schnyder, G. and Rouvinez, G. Total plasma homocysteine and restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty: current evidence. Ann.Med 2003;35:156-163. View abstract.
  203. Nye, C. and Brice, A. Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2002;:CD003497. View abstract.
  204. Habek, D., Habek, J. C., and Barbir, A. Using acupuncture to treat premenstrual syndrome. Arch.Gynecol.Obstet. 2002;267:23-26. View abstract.
  205. Marcus, R. G. Suppression of lactation with high doses of pyridoxine. S.Afr.Med.J. 12-6-1975;49:2155-2156. View abstract.
  206. Walker, A. F., De Souza, M. C., Marakis, G., Robinson, P. A., Morris, A. P., and Bolland, K. M. Unexpected benefit of sorbitol placebo in Mg intervention study of premenstrual symptoms: implications for choice of placebo in RCTs. Med Hypotheses 2002;58:213-220. View abstract.
  207. Smith, C., Crowther, C., and Beilby, J. Acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 2002;29:1-9. View abstract.
  208. Freeman, E. W., Rickels, K., Yonkers, K. A., Kunz, N. R., McPherson, M., and Upton, G. V. Venlafaxine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet.Gynecol. 2001;98(5 Pt 1):737-744. View abstract.
  209. Werntoft, E. and Dykes, A. K. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. A randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Reprod.Med 2001;46:835-839. View abstract.
  210. Landen, M., Eriksson, O., Sundblad, C., Andersch, B., Naessen, T., and Eriksson, E. Compounds with affinity for serotonergic receptors in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria: a comparison of buspirone, nefazodone and placebo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;155:292-298. View abstract.
  211. Steiner, M., Romano, S. J., Babcock, S., Dillon, J., Shuler, C., Berger, C., Carter, D., Reid, R., Stewart, D., Steinberg, S., and Judge, R. The efficacy of fluoxetine in improving physical symptoms associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. BJOG. 2001;108:462-468. View abstract.
  212. Bennink, H. J. and Schreurs, W. H. Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine. Br Med J 7-5-1975;3:13-15. View abstract.
  213. Norheim, A. J., Pedersen, E. J., Fonnebo, V., and Berge, L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand.J Prim.Health Care 2001;19:43-47. View abstract.
  214. Knight, B., Mudge, C., Openshaw, S., White, A., and Hart, A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 2001;97:184-188. View abstract.
  215. Mazzotta, P. and Magee, L. A. A risk-benefit assessment of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Drugs 2000;59:781-800. View abstract.
  216. Macdougall, M. Poor-quality studies suggest that vitamin B6 use is beneficial in premenstrual syndrome. West J Med 2000;172:245. View abstract.
  217. Taylor, D. Effectiveness of professional--peer group treatment: symptom management for women with PMS. Res.Nurs.Health 1999;22:496-511. View abstract.
  218. Chang, S. J. Adequacy of maternal pyridoxine supplementation during pregnancy in relation to the vitamin B6 status and growth of neonates at birth. J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 1999;45:449-458. View abstract.
  219. Vasdev, S., Ford, C. A., Parai, S., Longerich, L., and Gadag, V. Dietary vitamin B6 supplementation attenuates hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol.Cell Biochem. 1999;200(1-2):155-162. View abstract.
  220. Bender, D. A. Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6. Br J Nutr 1999;81:7-20. View abstract.
  221. Tomoda, H., Yoshitake, M., Morimoto, K., and Aoki, N. Possible prevention of postangioplasty restenosis by ascorbic acid. Am.J Cardiol. 12-1-1996;78:1284-1286. View abstract.
  222. Chasan-Taber, L., Selhub, J., Rosenberg, I. H., Malinow, M. R., Terry, P., Tishler, P. V., Willett, W., Hennekens, C. H., and Stampfer, M. J. A prospective study of folate and vitamin B6 and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. J Am.Coll.Nutr 1996;15:136-143. View abstract.
  223. Buzina, R., Grgic, Z., Jusic, M., Sapunar, J., Milanovic, N., and Brubacher, G. Nutritional status and physical working capacity. Hum.Nutr Clin.Nutr 1982;36:429-438. View abstract.
  224. Suboticanec-Buzina, K., Buzina, R., Brubacher, G., Sapunar, J., and Christeller, S. Vitamin C status and physical working capacity in adolescents. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. 1984;54:55-60. View abstract.
  225. Das, B. K., Bal, M. S., Tripathi, A. M., Singla, P. N., Agarwal, D. K., and Agarwal, K. N. Evaluation of frequency and dose of iron and other hematinics--an alternative strategy for anemia prophylaxis in rural preschoolers. Indian Pediatr. 1984;21:933-938. View abstract.
  226. Reinken, L. and Kurz, R. [The treatment of anemia due to iron-deficiency with iron combined with vitamins (author's transl)]. Klin.Padiatr. 1978;190:163-167. View abstract.
  227. Buzina, R., Jusic, M., Milanovic, N., Sapunar, J., and Brubacher, G. The effects of riboflavin administration on iron metabolism parameters in a school-going population. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. 1979;49:136-143. View abstract.
  228. Seshadri, S., Shah, A., and Bhade, S. Haematologic response of anaemic preschool children to ascorbic acid supplementation. Hum.Nutr Appl.Nutr 1985;39:151-154. View abstract.
  229. Conway, S. P., Rawson, I., Dear, P. R., Shires, S. E., and Kelleher, J. The early anaemia of the premature infant: is there a place for vitamin E supplementation? Br J Nutr 1986;56:105-114. View abstract.
  230. Decker, K., Dotis, B., Glatzle, D., and Hinselmann, M. Riboflavin status and anaemia in pregnant women. Nutr Metab 1977;21 Suppl 1:17-19. View abstract.
  231. Muhilal, Murdiana, A., Azis, I., Saidin, S., Jahari, A. B., and Karyadi, D. Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and vitamin A status: a controlled field trial. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1988;48:1265-1270. View abstract.
  232. Ajayi, O. A., Okike, O. C., and Yusuf, Y. Haematological response to supplements of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in Nigerian young adults. Eur.J Haematol. 1990;44:209-212. View abstract.
  233. Ajayi, O. A. and Nnaji, U. R. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on haematological response and ascorbic acid status of young female adults. Ann.Nutr Metab 1990;34:32-36. View abstract.
  234. Hunt, J. R., Mullen, L. M., Lykken, G. I., Gallagher, S. K., and Nielsen, F. H. Ascorbic acid: effect on ongoing iron absorption and status in iron-depleted young women. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1990;51:649-655. View abstract.
  235. Herrmann, M., Peter, Schmidt J., Umanskaya, N., Wagner, A., Taban-Shomal, O., Widmann, T., Colaianni, G., Wildemann, B., and Herrmann, W. The role of hyperhomocysteinemia as well as folate, vitamin B and B deficiencies in osteoporosis: a systematic review. Clin.Chem.Lab Med 2007;45:1621-1632. View abstract.
  236. Mao, X. and Yao, G. Effect of vitamin C supplementations on iron deficiency anemia in Chinese children. Biomed.Environ Sci. 1992;5:125-129. View abstract.
  237. DeMaio, S. J., King, S. B., III, Lembo, N. J., Roubin, G. S., Hearn, J. A., Bhagavan, H. N., and Sgoutas, D. S. Vitamin E supplementation, plasma lipids and incidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). J Am.Coll.Nutr 1992;11:68-73. View abstract.
  238. Zureik, M., Galan, P., Bertrais, S., Mennen, L., Czernichow, S., Blacher, J., Ducimetiere, P., and Hercberg, S. Effects of long-term daily low-dose supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals on structure and function of large arteries. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2004;24:1485-1491. View abstract.
  239. Hodis, H. N., Mack, W. J., LaBree, L., Mahrer, P. R., Sevanian, A., Liu, C. R., Liu, C. H., Hwang, J., Selzer, R. H., and Azen, S. P. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low-density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: the Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS). Circulation 9-17-2002;106:1453-1459. View abstract.
  240. Reinken, L. and Kurz, R. [Activity studies of an iron-vitamin B6 preparation for euteral treatment of iron deficiency anemia]. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. 1975;45:411-418. View abstract.
  241. Fang, J. C., Kinlay, S., Beltrame, J., Hikiti, H., Wainstein, M., Behrendt, D., Suh, J., Frei, B., Mudge, G. H., Selwyn, A. P., and Ganz, P. Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomised trial. Lancet 3-30-2002;359:1108-1113. View abstract.
  242. Meleady, R. and Graham, I. Plasma homocysteine as a cardiovascular risk factor: causal, consequential, or of no consequence? Nutr Rev 1999;57:299-305. View abstract.
  243. Weiss, N., Pietrzik, K., and Keller, C. [Hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for atherosclerosis: causes and effects]. Dtsch.Med Wochenschr. 9-24-1999;124:1107-1113. View abstract.
  244. van Stuijvenberg, M. E., Kvalsvig, J. D., Faber, M., Kruger, M., Kenoyer, D. G., and Benade, A. J. Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69:497-503. View abstract.
  245. Shatrugna, V., Raman, L., Uma, K., and Sujatha, T. Interaction between vitamin A and iron: effects of supplements in pregnancy. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. 1997;67:145-148. View abstract.
  246. Chawla, P. K. and Puri, R. Impact of nutritional supplements on hematological profile of pregnant women. Indian Pediatr. 1995;32:876-880. View abstract.
  247. Bloem, M. W., Wedel, M., Egger, R. J., Speek, A. J., Schrijver, J., Saowakontha, S., and Schreurs, W. H. Iron metabolism and vitamin A deficiency in children in northeast Thailand. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1989;50:332-338. View abstract.
  248. Bloem, M. W., Wedel, M., van Agtmaal, E. J., Speek, A. J., Saowakontha, S., and Schreurs, W. H. Vitamin A intervention: short-term effects of a single, oral, massive dose on iron metabolism. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1990;51:76-79. View abstract.
  249. Panth, M., Shatrugna, V., Yasodhara, P., and Sivakumar, B. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on haemoglobin and vitamin A levels during pregnancy. Br J Nutr 1990;64:351-358. View abstract.
  250. Smith, J. C., Makdani, D., Hegar, A., Rao, D., and Douglass, L. W. Vitamin A and zinc supplementation of preschool children. J Am.Coll.Nutr 1999;18:213-222. View abstract.
  251. Kolsteren, P., Rahman, S. R., Hilderbrand, K., and Diniz, A. Treatment for iron deficiency anaemia with a combined supplementation of iron, vitamin A and zinc in women of Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Eur.J Clin.Nutr 1999;53:102-106. View abstract.
  252. Gokhale, L. B. Curative treatment of primary (spasmodic) dysmenorrhoea. Indian J Med Res. 1996;103:227-231. View abstract.
  253. Seifert, B., Wagler, P., Dartsch, S., Schmidt, U., and Nieder, J. [Magnesium--a new therapeutic alternative in primary dysmenorrhea]. Zentralbl.Gynakol. 1989;111:755-760. View abstract.
  254. Proctor, M. L. and Murphy, P. A. Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2001;:CD002124. View abstract.
  255. Hicks, S. M., Walker, A. F., Gallagher, J., Middleton, R. W., and Wright, J. The significance of "nonsignificance" in randomized controlled studies: a discussion inspired by a double-blinded study on St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) for premenstrual symptoms. J.Altern.Complement Med. 2004;10:925-932. View abstract.
  256. Kobak, K. A., Taylor, L. V., Warner, G., and Futterer, R. St. John's wort versus placebo in social phobia: results from a placebo-controlled pilot study. J.Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:51-58. View abstract.
  257. Bryant, M., Cassidy, A., Hill, C., Powell, J., Talbot, D., and Dye, L. Effect of consumption of soy isoflavones on behavioural, somatic and affective symptoms in women with premenstrual syndrome. Br.J.Nutr. 2005;93:731-739. View abstract.
  258. Quinlivan, R. M. and Beynon, R. J. Pharmacological and nutritional treatment trials in McArdle disease. Acta Myol. 2007;26:58-60. View abstract.
  259. Powers, H. J., Bates, C. J., Lamb, W. H., Singh, J., Gelman, W., and Webb, E. Effects of a multivitamin and iron supplement on running performance in Gambian children. Hum.Nutr Clin.Nutr 1985;39:427-437. View abstract.
  260. Suboticanec, K., Stavljenic, A., Schalch, W., and Buzina, R. Effects of pyridoxine and riboflavin supplementation on physical fitness in young adolescents. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. 1990;60:81-88. View abstract.
  261. Ford, O., Lethaby, A., Roberts, H., and Mol, B. W. Progesterone for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2009;:CD003415. View abstract.
  262. Bath-Hextall, F. J., Jenkinson, C., Humphreys, R., and Williams, H. C. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD005205. View abstract.
  263. Carroll, D., Ring, C., Suter, M., and Willemsen, G. The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;150:220-225. View abstract.
  264. Hlais, S., Reslan, D. R., Sarieddine, H. K., Nasreddine, L., Taan, G., Azar, S., and Obeid, O. A. Effect of lysine, vitamin B, and carnitine supplementation on the lipid profile of male patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a 12-week, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther 2012;34:1674-1682. View abstract.
  265. Rossignol, D. A. Novel and emerging treatments for autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Ann.Clin Psychiatry 2009;21:213-236. View abstract.
  266. Sarris, J., Kavanagh, D. J., Deed, G., and Bone, K. M. St. John's wort and Kava in treating major depressive disorder with comorbid anxiety: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial. Hum.Psychopharmacol. 2009;24:41-48. View abstract.
  267. Watkins, L. L., Connor, K. M., and Davidson, J. R. Effect of kava extract on vagal cardiac control in generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary findings. J Psychopharmacol. 2001;15:283-286. View abstract.
  268. Scherer, J. Kava-kava extract in anxiety disorders: an outpatient observational study. Adv.Ther. 1998;15:261-269. View abstract.
  269. Thu, B. D., Schultink, W., Dillon, D., Gross, R., Leswara, N. D., and Khoi, H. H. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:80-86. View abstract.
  270. Fawzi, W. W., Msamanga, G. I., Spiegelman, D., Urassa, E. J., McGrath, N., Mwakagile, D., Antelman, G., Mbise, R., Herrera, G., Kapiga, S., Willett, W., and Hunter, D. J. Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet 5-16-1998;351:1477-1482. View abstract.
  271. Angeles-Agdeppa, I., Schultink, W., Sastroamidjojo, S., Gross, R., and Karyadi, D. Weekly micronutrient supplementation to build iron stores in female Indonesian adolescents. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:177-183. View abstract.
  272. Liu, D. S., Bates, C. J., Yin, T. A., Wang, X. B., and Lu, C. Q. Nutritional efficacy of a fortified weaning rusk in a rural area near Beijing. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:506-511. View abstract.
  273. Angeles, I. T., Schultink, W. J., Matulessi, P., Gross, R., and Sastroamidjojo, S. Decreased rate of stunting among anemic Indonesian preschool children through iron supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:339-342. View abstract.
  274. Suharno, D., West, C. E., Muhilal, Karyadi, D., and Hautvast, J. G. Supplementation with vitamin A and iron for nutritional anaemia in pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia. Lancet 11-27-1993;342:1325-1328. View abstract.
  275. Charoenlarp, P., Pholpothi, T., Chatpunyaporn, P., and Schelp, F. P. The effect of riboflavin on the hematologic changes in iron supplementation of schoolchildren. Southeast Asian J.Trop.Med.Public Health 1980;11:97-103. View abstract.
  276. Powers, H. J., Bates, C. J., Prentice, A. M., Lamb, W. H., Jepson, M., and Bowman, H. The relative effectiveness of iron and iron with riboflavin in correcting a microcytic anaemia in men and children in rural Gambia. Hum.Nutr.Clin.Nutr. 1983;37:413-425. View abstract.
  277. Bradfield, R. B., Jensen, M. V., Gonzales, L., and Garrayar, C. Effect of low-level iron and vitamin supplementation on a tropical anemia. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1968;21:57-67. View abstract.
  278. Kuizon, M. D., Platon, T. P., Ancheta, L. P., Angeles, J. C., Nunez, C. B., and Macapinlac, M. P. Iron supplementation studies among pregnant women. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1979;10:520-527. View abstract.
  279. Powers, H. J., Bates, C. J., and Lamb, W. H. Haematological response to supplements of iron and riboflavin to pregnant and lactating women in rural Gambia. Hum.Nutr.Clin.Nutr. 1985;39:117-129. View abstract.
  280. Mejia, L. A. and Chew, F. Hematological effect of supplementing anemic children with vitamin A alone and in combination with iron. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1988;48:595-600. View abstract.
  281. Ozgoli, G., Goli, M., and Simbar, M. Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:243-246. View abstract.
  282. Ensiyeh, J. and Sakineh, M. A. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 2009;25:649-653. View abstract.
  283. Willetts, K. E., Ekangaki, A., and Eden, J. A. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust.N.Z.J Obstet.Gynaecol. 2003;43:139-144. View abstract.
  284. Sripramote, M. and Lekhyananda, N. A randomized comparison of ginger and vitamin B6 in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2003;86:846-853. View abstract.
  285. Keating, A. and Chez, R. A. Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy. Altern Ther.Health Med 2002;8:89-91. View abstract.
  286. Mackey, A. D. and Picciano, M. F. Maternal folate status during extended lactation and the effect of supplemental folic acid. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1999;69:285-292. View abstract.
  287. Clarke, R. and Collins, R. Can dietary supplements with folic acid or vitamin B6 reduce cardiovascular risk? Design of clinical trials to test the homocysteine hypothesis of vascular disease. J Cardiovasc.Risk 1998;5:249-255. View abstract.
  288. Kwok, T., Tang, C., Woo, J., Lai, W. K., Law, L. K., and Pang, C. P. Randomized trial of the effect of supplementation on the cognitive function of older people with subnormal cobalamin levels. Int J Geriatr.Psychiatry 1998;13:611-616. View abstract.
  289. Schorah, C. J., Devitt, H., Lucock, M., and Dowell, A. C. The responsiveness of plasma homocysteine to small increases in dietary folic acid: a primary care study. Eur.J Clin.Nutr 1998;52:407-411. View abstract.
  290. Dierkes, J., Kroesen, M., and Pietrzik, K. Folic acid and Vitamin B6 supplementation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy young women. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. 1998;68:98-103. View abstract.
  291. Malinow, M. R., Duell, P. B., Hess, D. L., Anderson, P. H., Kruger, W. D., Phillipson, B. E., Gluckman, R. A., Block, P. C., and Upson, B. M. Reduction of plasma homocyst(e)ine levels by breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid in patients with coronary heart disease. N.Engl.J Med 4-9-1998;338:1009-1015. View abstract.
  292. Peterson, J. C. and Spence, J. D. Vitamins and progression of atherosclerosis in hyper-homocyst(e)inaemia. Lancet 1-24-1998;351:263. View abstract.
  293. Ward, M., McNulty, H., McPartlin, J., Strain, J. J., Weir, D. G., and Scott, J. M. Plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is lowered by physiological doses of folic acid. QJM. 1997;90:519-524. View abstract.
  294. Wilcken, D. E. and Wilcken, B. The natural history of vascular disease in homocystinuria and the effects of treatment. J Inherit.Metab Dis. 1997;20:295-300. View abstract.
  295. Malinow, M. R., Nieto, F. J., Kruger, W. D., Duell, P. B., Hess, D. L., Gluckman, R. A., Block, P. C., Holzgang, C. R., Anderson, P. H., Seltzer, D., Upson, B., and Lin, Q. R. The effects of folic acid supplementation on plasma total homocysteine are modulated by multivitamin use and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 1997;17:1157-1162. View abstract.
  296. Tucker, K. L., Mahnken, B., Wilson, P. W., Jacques, P., and Selhub, J. Folic acid fortification of the food supply. Potential benefits and risks for the elderly population. JAMA 12-18-1996;276:1879-1885. View abstract.
  297. Guttormsen, A. B., Ueland, P. M., Nesthus, I., Nygard, O., Schneede, J., Vollset, S. E., and Refsum, H. Determinants and vitamin responsiveness of intermediate hyperhomocysteinemia (> or = 40 micromol/liter). The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. J Clin.Invest 11-1-1996;98:2174-2183. View abstract.
  298. Mark, S. D., Wang, W., Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Wang, G. Q., Guo, W., Dawsey, S. M., Li, B., and Blot, W. J. Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial. Am.J.Epidemiol. 4-1-1996;143:658-664. View abstract.
  299. Ubbink, J. B., van der Merwe, A., Vermaak, W. J., and Delport, R. Hyperhomocysteinemia and the response to vitamin supplementation. Clin.Investig. 1993;71:993-998. View abstract.
  300. Franken, D. G., Boers, G. H., Blom, H. J., Trijbels, F. J., and Kloppenborg, P. W. Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in vascular disease patients. Arterioscler.Thromb. 1994;14:465-470. View abstract.
  301. Franken, D. G., Boers, G. H., Blom, H. J., and Trijbels, J. M. Effect of various regimens of vitamin B6 and folic acid on mild hyperhomocysteinaemia in vascular patients. J Inherit.Metab Dis. 1994;17:159-162. View abstract.
  302. Jacob, R. A., Wu, M. M., Henning, S. M., and Swendseid, M. E. Homocysteine increases as folate decreases in plasma of healthy men during short-term dietary folate and methyl group restriction. J Nutr 1994;124:1072-1080. View abstract.
  303. van den Berg, M., Franken, D. G., Boers, G. H., Blom, H. J., Jakobs, C., Stehouwer, C. D., and Rauwerda, J. A. Combined vitamin B6 plus folic acid therapy in young patients with arteriosclerosis and hyperhomocysteinemia. J Vasc.Surg. 1994;20:933-940. View abstract.
  304. Worthington-White, D. A., Behnke, M., and Gross, S. Premature infants require additional folate and vitamin B-12 to reduce the severity of the anemia of prematurity. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1994;60:930-935. View abstract.
  305. Ubbink, J. B., Vermaak, W. J., van der Merwe, A., Becker, P. J., Delport, R., and Potgieter, H. C. Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. J Nutr 1994;124:1927-1933. View abstract.
  306. Naurath, H. J., Joosten, E., Riezler, R., Stabler, S. P., Allen, R. H., and Lindenbaum, J. Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 supplements in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations. Lancet 7-8-1995;346:85-89. View abstract.
  307. Jackson, R. T. and Latham, M. C. Anemia of pregnancy in Liberia, West Africa: a therapeutic trial. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1982;35:710-714. View abstract.
  308. Areekul, S., Subcharoen, A., Cheeramakara, C., Srisukawat, K., and Limsuwan, S. Studies on the effect of folic acid supplement on folate and vitamin B12 status in children. Southeast Asian J Trop.Med Public Health 1980;11:81-86. View abstract.
  309. Srisupandit, S., Pootrakul, P., Areekul, S., Neungton, S., Mokkaves, J., Kiriwat, O., and Kanokpongsukdi, S. A prophylactic supplementation of iron and folate in pregnancy. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1983;14:317-323. View abstract.
  310. Osifo, B. O. The effect of folic acid and iron in the prevention of nutritional anaemias in pregnancy in Nigeria. Br J Nutr 1970;24:689-694. View abstract.
  311. Iyengar, L. and Apte, S. V. Prophylaxis of anemia in pregnancy. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1970;23:725-730. View abstract.
  312. Kral, V. A., Solyom, L., Enesco, H., and Ledwidge, B. Relationship of vitamin B12 and folic acid to memory function. Biol.Psychiatry 1970;2:19-26. View abstract.
  313. Shaw, D. M., Macsweeney, D. A., Johnson, A. L., O'Keeffe, R., Naidoo, D., Macleod, D. M., Jog, S., Preece, J. M., and Crowley, J. M. Folate and amine metabolites in senile dementia: a combined trial and biochemical study. Psychol.Med 1971;1:166-171. View abstract.
  314. Burland, W. L., Simpson, K., and Lord, J. Response of low birthweight infant to treatment with folic acid. Arch.Dis.Child 1971;46:189-194. View abstract.
  315. Roberts, P. M., Arrowsmith, D. E., Lloyd, A. V., and Monk-Jones, M. E. Effect of folic acid treatment on premature infants. Arch.Dis.Child 1972;47:631-634. View abstract.
  316. Stevens, D., Burman, D., Strelling, M. K., and Morris, A. Folic acid supplementation in low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1979;64:333-335. View abstract.
  317. Kendall, A. C., Jones, E. E., Wilson, C. I., Shinton, N. K., and Elwood, P. C. Folic acid in low birthweight infants. Arch.Dis.Child 1974;49:736-738. View abstract.
  318. Basu, R. N., Sood, S. K., Ramachandran, K., Mathur, M., and Ramalingaswami, V. Etiopathogenesis of nutritional anemia in pregnancy: a therapeutic approach. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1973;26:591-594. View abstract.
  319. Fleming, A. F., Martin, J. D., Hahnel, R., and Westlake, A. J. Effects of iron and folic acid antenatal supplements on maternal haematology and fetal wellbeing. Med.J.Aust. 9-21-1974;2:429-436. View abstract.
  320. Fleming, A. F., Ghatoura, G. B., Harrison, K. A., Briggs, N. D., and Dunn, D. T. The prevention of anaemia in pregnancy in primigravidae in the guinea savanna of Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1986;80:211-233. View abstract.
  321. Charoenlarp, P., Dhanamitta, S., Kaewvichit, R., Silprasert, A., Suwanaradd, C., Na-Nakorn, S., Prawatmuang, P., Vatanavicharn, S., Nutcharas, U., Pootrakul, P., and . A WHO collaborative study on iron supplementation in Burma and in Thailand. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1988;47:280-297. View abstract.
  322. Zhou, K., Zhao, R., Geng, Z., Jiang, L., Cao, Y., Xu, D., Liu, Y., Huang, L., and Zhou, J. Association between B-group vitamins and venous thrombosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. J.Thromb.Thrombolysis. 2012;34:459-467. View abstract.
  323. Ford, A. H. and Almeida, O. P. Effect of homocysteine lowering treatment on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J.Alzheimers.Dis. 2012;29:133-149. View abstract.
  324. Debreceni, B. and Debreceni, L. Why do homocysteine-lowering B vitamin and antioxidant E vitamin supplementations appear to be ineffective in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? Cardiovasc.Ther. 2012;30:227-233. View abstract.
  325. de Jager, C. A., Oulhaj, A., Jacoby, R., Refsum, H., and Smith, A. D. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int.J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 2012;27:592-600. View abstract.
  326. Bostom, A. G., Carpenter, M. A., Kusek, J. W., Levey, A. S., Hunsicker, L., Pfeffer, M. A., Selhub, J., Jacques, P. F., Cole, E., Gravens-Mueller, L., House, A. A., Kew, C., McKenney, J. L., Pacheco-Silva, A., Pesavento, T., Pirsch, J., Smith, S., Solomon, S., and Weir, M. Homocysteine-lowering and cardiovascular disease outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: primary results from the Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction in Transplantation trial. Circulation 4-26-2011;123:1763-1770. View abstract.
  327. Clarke, R., Halsey, J., Lewington, S., Lonn, E., Armitage, J., Manson, J. E., Bonaa, K. H., Spence, J. D., Nygard, O., Jamison, R., Gaziano, J. M., Guarino, P., Bennett, D., Mir, F., Peto, R., and Collins, R. Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: Meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals. Arch.Intern.Med 10-11-2010;170:1622-1631. View abstract.
  328. Ford, A. H., Flicker, L., Alfonso, H., Thomas, J., Clarnette, R., Martins, R., and Almeida, O. P. Vitamins B, B, and folic acid for cognition in older men. Neurology 10-26-2010;75:1540-1547. View abstract.
  329. Ebbing, M., Bonaa, K. H., Arnesen, E., Ueland, P. M., Nordrehaug, J. E., Rasmussen, K., Njolstad, I., Nilsen, D. W., Refsum, H., Tverdal, A., Vollset, S. E., Schirmer, H., Bleie, O., Steigen, T., Midttun, O., Fredriksen, A., Pedersen, E. R., and Nygard, O. Combined analyses and extended follow-up of two randomized controlled homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin trials. J Intern.Med 2010;268:367-382. View abstract.
  330. B vitamins in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke in the VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial: a randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:855-865. View abstract.
  331. Armitage, J. M., Bowman, L., Clarke, R. J., Wallendszus, K., Bulbulia, R., Rahimi, K., Haynes, R., Parish, S., Sleight, P., Peto, R., and Collins, R. Effects of homocysteine-lowering with folic acid plus vitamin B12 vs placebo on mortality and major morbidity in myocardial infarction survivors: a randomized trial. JAMA 6-23-2010;303:2486-2494. View abstract.
  332. House, A. A., Eliasziw, M., Cattran, D. C., Churchill, D. N., Oliver, M. J., Fine, A., Dresser, G. K., and Spence, J. D. Effect of B-vitamin therapy on progression of diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 4-28-2010;303:1603-1609. View abstract.
  333. Lee, M., Hong, K. S., Chang, S. C., and Saver, J. L. Efficacy of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic Acid in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2010;41:1205-1212. View abstract.
  334. Heinz, J., Kropf, S., Domrose, U., Westphal, S., Borucki, K., Luley, C., Neumann, K. H., and Dierkes, J. B vitamins and the risk of total mortality and cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease: results of a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 3-30-2010;121:1432-1438. View abstract.
  335. Ma, E., Iwasaki, M., Kobayashi, M., Kasuga, Y., Yokoyama, S., Onuma, H., Nishimura, H., Kusama, R., and Tsugane, S. Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan. Nutr Cancer 2009;61:447-456. View abstract.
  336. Marti-Carvajal, A. J., Sola, I., Lathyris, D., and Salanti, G. Homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2009;:CD006612. View abstract.
  337. Hodis, H. N., Mack, W. J., Dustin, L., Mahrer, P. R., Azen, S. P., Detrano, R., Selhub, J., Alaupovic, P., Liu, C. R., Liu, C. H., Hwang, J., Wilcox, A. G., and Selzer, R. H. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2009;40:730-736. View abstract.
  338. Kang, J. H., Cook, N., Manson, J., Buring, J. E., Albert, C. M., and Grodstein, F. A trial of B vitamins and cognitive function among women at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88:1602-1610. View abstract.
  339. Almeida, O. P., McCaul, K., Hankey, G. J., Norman, P., Jamrozik, K., and Flicker, L. Homocysteine and depression in later life. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 2008;65:1286-1294. View abstract.
  340. Aisen, P. S., Schneider, L. S., Sano, M., Diaz-Arrastia, R., van Dyck, C. H., Weiner, M. F., Bottiglieri, T., Jin, S., Stokes, K. T., Thomas, R. G., and Thal, L. J. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 10-15-2008;300:1774-1783. View abstract.
  341. Potter, K., Hankey, G. J., Green, D. J., Eikelboom, J., Jamrozik, K., and Arnolda, L. F. The effect of long-term homocysteine-lowering on carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated vasodilation in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis. BMC.Cardiovasc.Disord. 2008;8:24. View abstract.
  342. Ebbing, M., Bleie, O., Ueland, P. M., Nordrehaug, J. E., Nilsen, D. W., Vollset, S. E., Refsum, H., Pedersen, E. K., and Nygard, O. Mortality and cardiovascular events in patients treated with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 8-20-2008;300:795-804. View abstract.
  343. Fioravanti, M., Ferrario, E., Massaia, M., Cappa, G., Rivolta, G., Grossi, E., and Buckley, A. E. Low folate levels in the cognitive decline of elderly patients and the efficacy of folate as a treatment for improving memory deficits. Arch.Gerontol.Geriatr. 1998;26:1-13. View abstract.
  344. Ford, A. H., Flicker, L., Thomas, J., Norman, P., Jamrozik, K., and Almeida, O. P. Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid for onset of depressive symptoms in older men: results from a 2-year placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Clin.Psychiatry 2008;69:1203-1209. View abstract.
  345. Van, Dam F. and Van Gool, W. A. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Arch.Gerontol.Geriatr. 2009;48:425-430. View abstract.
  346. Albert, C. M., Cook, N. R., Gaziano, J. M., Zaharris, E., MacFadyen, J., Danielson, E., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 5-7-2008;299:2027-2036. View abstract.
  347. Jamison, R. L., Hartigan, P., Kaufman, J. S., Goldfarb, D. S., Warren, S. R., Guarino, P. D., and Gaziano, J. M. Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 9-12-2007;298:1163-1170. View abstract.
  348. Raman, G., Tatsioni, A., Chung, M., Rosenberg, I. H., Lau, J., Lichtenstein, A. H., and Balk, E. M. Heterogeneity and lack of good quality studies limit association between folate, vitamins B-6 and B-12, and cognitive function. J Nutr 2007;137:1789-1794. View abstract.
  349. Balk, E. M., Raman, G., Tatsioni, A., Chung, M., Lau, J., and Rosenberg, I. H. Vitamin B6, B12, and folic acid supplementation and cognitive function: a systematic review of randomized trials. Arch.Intern.Med 1-8-2007;167:21-30. View abstract.
  350. Eussen, S. J., de Groot, L. C., Joosten, L. W., Bloo, R. J., Clarke, R., Ueland, P. M., Schneede, J., Blom, H. J., Hoefnagels, W. H., and van Staveren, W. A. Effect of oral vitamin B-12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2006;84:361-370. View abstract.
  351. Lonn, E., Yusuf, S., Arnold, M. J., Sheridan, P., Pogue, J., Micks, M., McQueen, M. J., Probstfield, J., Fodor, G., Held, C., and Genest, J., Jr. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N.Engl.J Med 4-13-2006;354:1567-1577. View abstract.
  352. Stott, D. J., MacIntosh, G., Lowe, G. D., Rumley, A., McMahon, A. D., Langhorne, P., Tait, R. C., O'Reilly, D. S., Spilg, E. G., MacDonald, J. B., MacFarlane, P. W., and Westendorp, R. G. Randomized controlled trial of homocysteine-lowering vitamin treatment in elderly patients with vascular disease. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2005;82:1320-1326. View abstract.
  353. Dose-dependent effects of folic acid on blood concentrations of homocysteine: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2005;82:806-812. View abstract.
  354. Bailey, L. B. Do low doses of folic acid result in maximum lowering of homocysteine? Am.J Clin.Nutr 2005;82:717-718. View abstract.
  355. Potena, L., Grigioni, F., Magnani, G., Ortolani, P., Coccolo, F., Sassi, S., Kessels, K., Marrozzini, C., Marzocchi, A., Carigi, S., Musuraca, A. C., Russo, A., Magelli, C., and Branzi, A. Homocysteine-lowering therapy and early progression of transplant vasculopathy: a prospective, randomized, IVUS-based study. Am.J Transplant. 2005;5:2258-2264. View abstract.
  356. Till, U., Rohl, P., Jentsch, A., Till, H., Muller, A., Bellstedt, K., Plonne, D., Fink, H. S., Vollandt, R., Sliwka, U., Herrmann, F. H., Petermann, H., and Riezler, R. Decrease of carotid intima-media thickness in patients at risk to cerebral ischemia after supplementation with folic acid, Vitamins B6 and B12. Atherosclerosis 2005;181:131-135. View abstract.
  357. Lewerin, C., Matousek, M., Steen, G., Johansson, B., Steen, B., and Nilsson-Ehle, H. Significant correlations of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonic acid with movement and cognitive performance in elderly subjects but no improvement from short-term vitamin therapy: a placebo-controlled randomized study. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2005;81:1155-1162. View abstract.
  358. Mignini, L. E., Latthe, P. M., Villar, J., Kilby, M. D., Carroli, G., and Khan, K. S. Mapping the theories of preeclampsia: the role of homocysteine. Obstet.Gynecol. 2005;105:411-425. View abstract.
  359. Hvas, A. M., Juul, S., Lauritzen, L., Nexo, E., and Ellegaard, J. No effect of vitamin B-12 treatment on cognitive function and depression: a randomized placebo controlled study. J Affect.Disord. 2004;81:269-273. View abstract.
  360. Schwammenthal, Y. and Tanne, D. Homocysteine, B-vitamin supplementation, and stroke prevention: from observational to interventional trials. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:493-495. View abstract.
  361. Wrone, E. M., Hornberger, J. M., Zehnder, J. L., McCann, L. M., Coplon, N. S., and Fortmann, S. P. Randomized trial of folic acid for prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease. J.Am.Soc.Nephrol. 2004;15:420-426. View abstract.
  362. Spence, J. D., Blake, C., Landry, A., and Fenster, A. Measurement of carotid plaque and effect of vitamin therapy for total homocysteine. Clin.Chem.Lab Med 2003;41:1498-1504. View abstract.
  363. Batu, A. T., Toe, T., Pe, H., and Nyunt, K. K. A prophylactic trial of iron and folic acid supplements in pregnant Burmese women. Isr.J.Med.Sci. 1976;12:1410-1417. View abstract.
  364. Deijen, J. B., van der Beek, E. J., Orlebeke, J. F., and van den Berg, H. Vitamin B-6 supplementation in elderly men: effects on mood, memory, performance and mental effort. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992;109:489-496. View abstract.
  365. Sommer, B. R., Hoff, A. L., and Costa, M. Folic acid supplementation in dementia: a preliminary report. J Geriatr.Psychiatry Neurol. 2003;16:156-159. View abstract.
  366. Clarke, R., Harrison, G., and Richards, S. Effect of vitamins and aspirin on markers of platelet activation, oxidative stress and homocysteine in people at high risk of dementia. J Intern.Med 2003;254:67-75. View abstract.
  367. Marcucci, R., Zanazzi, M., Bertoni, E., Rosati, A., Fedi, S., Lenti, M., Prisco, D., Castellani, S., Abbate, R., and Salvadori, M. Vitamin supplementation reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemic renal-transplant recipients. Transplantation 5-15-2003;75:1551-1555. View abstract.
  368. Bryan, J., Calvaresi, E., and Hughes, D. Short-term folate, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-6 supplementation slightly affects memory performance but not mood in women of various ages. J Nutr 2002;132:1345-1356. View abstract.
  369. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid-based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Indian Heart J 2000;52(7 Suppl):S59-S64. View abstract.
  370. Iyengar, L. and Rajalakshmi, K. Effect of folic acid supplement on birth weights of infants. Am.J Obstet.Gynecol. 6-1-1975;122:332-336. View abstract.
  371. Colman, N., Larsen, J. V., Barker, M., Barker, E. A., Green, R., and Metz, J. Prevention of folate deficiency by food fortification. III. Effect in pregnant subjects of varying amounts of added folic acid. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1975;28:465-470. View abstract.
  372. Sood, S. K., Ramachandran, K., Mathur, M., Gupta, K., Ramalingaswamy, V., Swarnabai, C., Ponniah, J., Mathan, V. I., and Baker, S. J. W.H.O. sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India. 1. The effects of supplemental oral iron administration to pregnant women. Q.J.Med. 1975;44:241-258. View abstract.
  373. Eikelboom, J. W., Lonn, E., Genest, J., Jr., Hankey, G., and Yusuf, S. Homocyst(e)ine and cardiovascular disease: a critical review of the epidemiologic evidence. Ann.Intern.Med 9-7-1999;131:363-375. View abstract.
  374. Tee, E. S., Kandiah, M., Awin, N., Chong, S. M., Satgunasingam, N., Kamarudin, L., Milani, S., Dugdale, A. E., and Viteri, F. E. School-administered weekly iron-folate supplements improve hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in Malaysian adolescent girls. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69:1249-1256. View abstract.
  375. Jacques, P. F., Selhub, J., Bostom, A. G., Wilson, P. W., and Rosenberg, I. H. The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N.Engl.J Med 5-13-1999;340:1449-1454. View abstract.
  376. Callender K, McGregor M, and Kirk P. A double-blind trial of evening primrose oil in the premenstrual syndrome: nervous symptom subgroup. Hum Psychopharmacol 1988;3:57-61.
  377. Stevinson, C. and Ernst, E. Complementary/alternative therapies for premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2001;185:227-235. View abstract.
  378. Kotani, N., Oyama, T., Sakai, I., Hashimoto, H., Muraoka, M., Ogawa, Y., and Matsuki, A. Analgesic effect of a herbal medicine for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea--a double-blind study. Am.J Chin Med 1997;25:205-212. View abstract.
  379. Whelan, A. M., Jurgens, T. M., and Naylor, H. Herbs, vitamins and minerals in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. Can.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2009;16:e407-e429. View abstract.
  380. Bleys, J., Miller, E. R., III, Pastor-Barriuso, R., Appel, L. J., and Guallar, E. Vitamin-mineral supplementation and the progression of atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2006;84:880-887. View abstract.
  381. Lakhan, S. E. and Vieira, K. F. Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. Nutr J 2010;9:42. View abstract.
  382. Smriga, M., Ando, T., Akutsu, M., Furukawa, Y., Miwa, K., and Morinaga, Y. Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans. Biomed.Res 2007;28:85-90. View abstract.
  383. Jezova, D., Makatsori, A., Smriga, M., Morinaga, Y., and Duncko, R. Subchronic treatment with amino acid mixture of L-lysine and L-arginine modifies neuroendocrine activation during psychosocial stress in subjects with high trait anxiety. Nutr.Neurosci. 2005;8:155-160. View abstract.
  384. Hatzitolios, A., Iliadis, F., Katsiki, N., and Baltatzi, M. Is the anti-hypertensive effect of dietary supplements via aldehydes reduction evidence based? A systematic review. Clin Exp.Hypertens. 2008;30:628-639. View abstract.
  385. Hernandez-Reif M, Martinez A, Field T, et al. Premenstrual symptoms are relieved by massage therapy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2000;21:9-15. View abstract.
  386. Perkins RP. Failure of pyridoxine to improve glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 1977;50:370-2. View abstract.
  387. Puolakka J, Makarainen L, Viinikka L, and Ylikorkala O. Biochemical and clinical effects of treating the premenstrual syndrome with prostaglandin synthesis precursors. J Reprod Med 1985;30:149-153. View abstract.
  388. Collins A, Cerin A, Coleman G, and Landgren BM. Essential fatty acids in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:93-98. View abstract.
  389. Matthews A, Dowswell T, Haas DM, et al. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;CD007575. View abstract.
  390. Müller D, Pfeil T, von den Driesch V. Treating depression comorbid with anxiety--results of an open, practice-oriented study with St John's wort WS 5572 and valerian extract in high doses. Phytomedicine. 2003;10 Suppl 4:25-30. View abstract.
  391. Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Renzi A, et al. Kava-Kava administration reduces anxiety in perimenopausal women. Maturitas 2003;44:103-9. View abstract.
  392. Gastpar M, Klimm HD. Treatment of anxiety, tension and restlessness states with Kava special extract WS 1490 in general practice: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial. Phytomedicine 2003;10:631-9. View abstract.
  393. Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ, Byrne G, et al. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Psychopharmacology 2009;205:399-407. View abstract.
  394. Boerner RJ, Sommer H, Berger W, et al. Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as opipramol and buspirone in generalised anxiety disorder--an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Phytomedicine 2003;10 Suppl 4:38-49. View abstract.
  395. Connor KM, Davidson JR. A placebo-controlled study of Kava kava in generalized anxiety disorder. Int Clin.Psychopharmacol 2002;17:185-8. View abstract.
  396. Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, et al; SU.FOL.OM3 Collaborative Group. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c6273. View abstract.
  397. Head KA. Peripheral neuropathy: Pathogenic mechanisms and alternative therapies. Altern Med Rev 2006;11:294-329. View abstract.
  398. Ozyurek H, Turker H, Akbalik M, et al. Pyridoxine and pyridostigmine treatment in vincristine-induced neuropathy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007;24:447-52. View abstract.
  399. Agha-Hosseini M, Kashani L, Aleyaseen A, et al. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trial. BJOG 2008;115:515-9. View abstract.
  400. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:15-20. View abstract.
  401. Pongrojpaw D, Somprasit C, Chanthasenanont A. A randomized comparison of ginger and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:1703-9. View abstract.
  402. Jamigorn M, Phupong V. Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2007;276:245-9. View abstract.
  403. O'Connor D, Marshall S, Massy-Westropp N. Non-surgical treatment (other than steroid injection) for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;:CD003219. View abstract.
  404. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Miller J, et al. Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly. Arch Neurol 2007;64:86-92. View abstract.
  405. Jacobs BP, Bent S, Tice JA, et al. An internet-based randomized, placebo-controlled trial of kava and valerian for anxiety and insomnia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005;84:197-207. View abstract.
  406. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, et al. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:335-41. View abstract.
  407. ACOG (American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology) Practice Bulletin #52: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:803-15. View abstract.
  408. Kobak KA, Taylor LV, Bystritsky A, et al. St John's wort versus placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from a double-blind study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;20:299-304. View abstract.
  409. McMahon JA, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Knight RG, Mann JI, Williams SM. A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2764-72. View abstract.
  410. Bonaa KH, Njolstad I, Ueland PM, et al. NORVIT: Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Enlg J Med 2006;354:1578-88. View abstract.
  411. Corrada M, Kawas C. Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease with high folate Intake: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Alzheimers Dement 2005;1:11-18. View abstract.
  412. Borrelli F, Capasso R, Aviello G, et al. Effectiveness and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:849-56. View abstract.
  413. Hanus M, Lafon J, Mathieu M. Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a fixed combination containing two plant extracts (Crataegus oxyacantha and Eschscholtzia californica) and magnesium in mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:63-71. View abstract.
  414. Atmaca M, Kumru S, Tezcan E. Fluoxetine versus Vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003;18:191-5.. View abstract.
  415. Herrmann H. Prevention of cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2708-10. View abstract.
  416. Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, et al. Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2673-81. View abstract.
  417. Webb JL. Nutritional effects of oral contraceptive use: A review. J Reprod Med 1080;25:150. View abstract.
  418. Hanley DF. The challenge of stroke prevention. JAMA 2004;291:621-2. View abstract.
  419. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:565-75.. View abstract.
  420. Tardif JC. Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1997;337:365-372.. View abstract.
  421. Jansen T, Romiti R, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P. Rosacea fulminans triggered by high-dose vitamins B6 and B12. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:484-5.. View abstract.
  422. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2432-40.. View abstract.
  423. Bell IR, Edman JS, Morrow FD, et al. Brief communication. Vitamin B1, B2, and B6 augmentation of tricyclic antidepressant treatment in geriatric depression with cognitive dysfunction. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:159-63.. View abstract.
  424. Hansson O, Sillanpaa M. Pyridoxine and serum concentration of phenytoin and phenobarbitone. Lancet 1976;1:256. View abstract.
  425. Salonen RM, Nyyssonen K, Kaikkonen J, et al. Six-year effect of combined vitamin C and E supplementation on atherosclerotic progression: the Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) Study. Circulation 2003;107:947-53.. View abstract.
  426. Vasile A, Goldberg R, Kornberg B. Pyridoxine toxicity: report of a case. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1984;83:790-1. View abstract.
  427. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:639-45. View abstract.
  428. van der Griend R, Haas FJ, Biesma DH, et al. Combination of low-dose folic acid and pyridoxine for treatment of hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with premature arterial disease and their relatives. Atherosclerosis 1999;143:177-83.. View abstract.
  429. Wyatt K, Dimmock P, Jones P, et al. Efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in management of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. BMJ 2001;323:776-80.. View abstract.
  430. Seal EC, Metz J, Flicker L, Melny J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral vitamin B12 supplementation in older patients with subnormal or borderline serum vitamin B12 concentrations. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:146-51. View abstract.
  431. Haslam RH, Dalby JT, Rademaker AW. Effects of megavitamin therapy on children with attention deficit disorders. Pediatrics 1984;74:103-11.. View abstract.
  432. Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Zemberova E. Influence of water and sodium diuresis and furosemide on urinary excretion of vitamin B6, oxalic acid and vitamin C in chronic renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1999;25:352-6.. View abstract.
  433. Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. Public Health Nutr 2000;3:125-50.. View abstract.
  434. van der Vange N, van der Berg H, Kloosterboer HJ, Haspels AA. Effects of seven low-dose combined contraceptives on vitamin B6 status. Contraception 1989;40:377-84.. View abstract.
  435. Haspels AA, Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH. Disturbance of tryptophan metabolism and its correction during oestrogen treatment in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1978;1:15-20. . View abstract.
  436. Tyrer LB. Nutrition and the pill. J Reprod Med 1984;29:547-50.. View abstract.
  437. Butterworth CE. Interactions of nutrients with oral contraceptives and other drugs J Am Diet Assoc 1973;62:510-4.. View abstract.
  438. Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Delport R, et al. The relationship between vitamin B6 metabolism, asthma, and theophylline therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;585:285-94. View abstract.
  439. Goldin BR, Lichtenstein AH, Gorbach SL. Nutritional and metabolic roles of intestinal flora. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Malvern, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994.
  440. Cohen AC. Pyridoxine in the prevention and treatment of convulsions and neurotoxicity due to cycloserine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1969;166:346-9. View abstract.
  441. Ellis JM, Folkers K, Levy M, et al. Response of vitamin B-6 deficiency and the carpal tunnel syndrome to pyridoxine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79:7494-8.. View abstract.
  442. Keniston RC, Nathan PA, Leklem JE, Lockwood RS. Vitamin B6, vitamin C, and carpal tunnel syndrome. A cross-sectional study of 441 adults. J Occup Environ Med 1997;39:949-59.. View abstract.
  443. Badner NH, Freeman D, Spence JD. Preoperative oral B vitamins prevent nitrous oxide-induced postoperative plasma homocysteine increases. Anesth Analg 2001;93:1507-10.. View abstract.
  444. Delport R, Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Becker PJ. Theophylline increases pyridoxal kinase activity independently from vitamin B6 nutritional status. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1993;79:325-33.. View abstract.
  445. Kawada A, Kashima A, Shiraishi H, et al. Pyridoxine-induced photosensitivity and hypophosphatasia. Dermatology 2000;201:356-60.. View abstract.
  446. Bernstein AL, Dinesen JS. Brief communication: effect of pharmacologic doses of vitamin B6 on carpal tunnel syndrome, electroencephalographic results, and pain. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:73-6.. View abstract.
  447. Volz HP, Murck H, Kasper S, Moller HJ. St John's wort extract (LI 160) in somatoform disorders: results of a placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;164:294-300. View abstract.
  448. Hartman TJ, Woodson K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al. Association of the B-vitamins pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (B6), B12, and folate with lung cancer risk in older men. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:688-94.. View abstract.
  449. Friso S, Jacques PF, Wilson PW, et al. Low circulating vitamin B is associated with elevation of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein independently of plasma homocysteine levels. Circulation 2001;103:2788-91. View abstract.
  450. McKinley MC, McNulty H, McPartlin J, et al. Low-dose vitamin B-6 effectively lowers fasting plasma homocysteine in healthy elderly persons who are folate and riboflavin replete. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:759-64.. View abstract.
  451. Gerritsen AA, de Krom MC, Struijs MA, et al. Conservative treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Neurol 2002;249:272-80.. View abstract.
  452. Folkers K, Ellis J, Watanabe T, et al. Biochemical evidence for a deficiency of vitamin B6 in the carpal tunnel syndrome based on a crossover clinical study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978;75:3410-2. View abstract.
  453. Franzblau A, Rock CL, Werner RA, et al. The relationship of vitamin B6 status to median nerve function and carpal tunnel syndrome among active industrial workers. J Occup Environ Med 1996;38:485-91.. View abstract.
  454. Ellis J, Folkers K, Levy M, et al. Therapy with vitamin B6 with and without surgery for treatment of patients having the idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1981;33:331-44.. View abstract.
  455. Ellis JM, Kishi T, Azuma J, Folkers K. Vitamin B6 deficiency in patients with a clinical syndrome including the carpal tunnel defect. Biochemical and clinical response to therapy with pyridoxine. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1976;13:743-57.. View abstract.
  456. Dierkes J, Domrose U, Bosselmann P, et al. Homocysteine lowering effect of different multivitamin preparations in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Renal Nutr 2001;11:67-72. View abstract.
  457. Bostom A, Shemin D, Gohh R, et al. Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant recipients versus hemodialysis patients. Transplantation 2000;69:2128-31. View abstract.
  458. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Flammer Y, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention. The Swiss Heart Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:973-9. View abstract.
  459. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274:1049-57. View abstract.
  460. den Heijer M, Brouwer IA, Bos GMJ, et al. Vitamin supplementation reduces blood homocysteine levels. A controlled trial in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy volunteers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:356-61. View abstract.
  461. Sunder-Plassmann G, Winkelmayer WC, Fodinger M. Therapeutic potential of total homocysteine-lowering drugs on cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000;9:2637-51. View abstract.
  462. Keebler ME, De Souza C, Fonesca V. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2001;3:54-63. View abstract.
  463. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, et al. Relationship between plasma homocysteine and vitamin status in the Framingham study population. Impact of folic acid fortification. Publ Health Rev 2000;28:117-45. View abstract.
  464. van der Griend R, Biesma DH, Haas FJLM, et al. The effect of different treatment regimens in reducing fasting and postmethionine-load homocysteine concentrations. J Int Med 2000;248:223-9. View abstract.
  465. Clarke R, Armitage J. Vitamin supplements and cardiovascular risk: review of the randomized trials of homocysteine-lowering vitamin supplements. Semin Thromb Hemost 2000;26:341-8. View abstract.
  466. Holven KB, Holm T, Aukrust P, et al. Effect of folic acid treatment on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and nitric oxide-derived end products in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects. Am J Med 2001;110:536-42. View abstract.
  467. Ueland PM, Refsum H, Beresford SA, Vollset SE. The controversy over homocysteine and cardiovascular risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:324-32. View abstract.
  468. Homocysteine Lowering Trialists' Collaboration. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ 1998;316:894-8. View abstract.
  469. van der Dijs FP, Fokkema MR, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Optimization of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 supplements in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 2002;69:239-46.. View abstract.
  470. Nallamothu BK, Fendrick M, Rubenfire M, et al. Potential clinical and economic effects of homocyst(e)ine lowering. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3406-12.. View abstract.
  471. Jacobson MD, Plancher KD, Kleinman WB. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome. Hand Clin 1996;12:253-7. View abstract.
  472. Bartel PR, Ubbink JB, Delport R, et al. Vitamin B6 supplementation and theophylline-related effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:93-9.. View abstract.
  473. Ubbink JB, Delport R, Becker PJ, Bissport S. Evidence of a theophylline-induced vitamin B6 deficiency caused by noncompetitive inhibition of pyridoxal kinase. J Lab Clin Med 1989;113:15-22.. View abstract.
  474. Pool KD, Feit H, Kirkpatrick J. Penicillamine-induced neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:457-8. View abstract.
  475. Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Zemberova E. Metabolism of vitamin B6 and its requirement in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1997;52, suppl.62:s56-9.. View abstract.
  476. Bass JB, Farer LS, Hopewell PC, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1359-74.. View abstract.
  477. Mulrow JP, Mulrow CD, McKenna WJ. Pyridoxine and amiodarone-induced photosensitivity. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:68-9. View abstract.
  478. Kaufman G. Pyridoxine against amiodarone-induced photosensitivity (letter). Lancet 1984;1:51-2. View abstract.
  479. Tolbert L, Haigler T, Waits MM, Dennis T. Brief report: lack of response in an autistic population to a low dose clinical trial of pyridoxine plus magnesium. J Autism Dev Disord 1993;23:193-9. View abstract.
  480. Lerner V, Miodownik C, Kaptsan A, et al. Vitamin B in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1511-4. View abstract.
  481. Hansen CM, Shultz TD, Kwak HK, et al. Assessment of vitamin B-6 status in young women consuming a controlled diet containing four levels of vitamin B-6 provides an estimated average requirement and recommended dietary allowance. J Nutr 2001;131:1777-86. View abstract.
  482. De Souza MC, Walker AF, Robinson PA, Bolland K. A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000;9:131-9. View abstract.
  483. McCarty MF. High-dose pyridoxine as an 'anti-stress' strategy. Med Hypotheses 2000;54:803-7. View abstract.
  484. Amato M, Donzelli S, Lombardi M, et al. Primary hyperoxaluria: effect of treatment with vitamin B6 and shock waves. Contrib Nephrol 1987;58:190-2. View abstract.
  485. Will EJ, Bijvoet OL. Pyridoxine therapy of adult primary oxalosis. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1979;16:727-8. View abstract.
  486. Gershoff SN, Prien EL. Effect of daily MgO and vitamin B6 administration to patients with recurring calcium oxalate kidney stones. Am J Clin Nutr 1967;20:393-9. View abstract.
  487. Goldenberg RM, Girone JA. Oral pyridoxine in the prevention of oxalate kidney stones. Am J Nephrol 1996;16:552-3. View abstract.
  488. Lewis PJ. Pain in the hand and wrist. Pyridoxine supplements may help patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. BMJ 1995;310:1534. View abstract.
  489. Stransky M, Rubin A, Lava NS, Lazaro RP. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6: a double-blind study. South Med J 1989;82:841-2. View abstract.
  490. Ellis J, Folkers K, Watanabe T, et al. Clinical results of a cross-over treatment with pyridoxine and placebo of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2040-6. View abstract.
  491. Bernstein AL. Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;585:250-60. View abstract.
  492. Gordon N. Pyridoxine dependency: an update. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997;39:63-5. View abstract.
  493. Schaumburg H, Kaplan J, Windebank A. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. A new megavitamin syndrome. N Engl J Med 1983;309:445-8. View abstract.
  494. Bendich A, Cohen M. Vitamin B6 safety issues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;585:321-30. View abstract.
  495. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Pin R, et al. Decreased rate of coronary stenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1593-600. View abstract.
  496. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Pin R, et al. Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1593-600. View abstract.
  497. Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Shayeganpour A, et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:363-7. View abstract.
  498. Beaulieu AJ, Gohh RY, Han H, et al. Enhanced reduction of fasting total homocysteine levels with supraphysiological versus standard multivitamin dose folic acid supplementation in renal transplant recipients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:2918-21. View abstract.
  499. Harel Z, Biro FM, Kottenhahn RK, Rosenthal SL. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1335-8. View abstract.
  500. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-93. View abstract.
  501. Malsch U, Kieser M. Efficacy of kava-kava in the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety, following pretreatment with benzodiazepines. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;157:277-83. View abstract.
  502. Shimizu T, Maeda S, Mochizuki H, et al. Theophylline attenuates circulating vitamin B6 levels in children with asthma. Pharmacology 1994;49:392-7. View abstract.
  503. Collipp PJ, Goldzier S III, Weiss N, et al. Pyridoxine treatment of childhood bronchial asthma. Ann Allergy 1975;35:93-7. View abstract.
  504. Sur S, Camara M, Buchmeier A, et al. Double-blind trial of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. Ann Allergy 1993;70:147-52. View abstract.
  505. Schellenberg R. Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled study. BMJ 2001;322:134-7. View abstract.
  506. Boyde TRC. Pyridoxine supplements in the carpal tunnel syndrome (letter). BMJ 1995;311:631. View abstract.
  507. Tremblay R, Bonnardeaux A, Geadah D, et al. Hyperhomocystinemia in hemodialysis patients: effects of 12-month supplementation with hydrosoluble vitamins. Kidney Int 2000;58:851-8. View abstract.
  508. Booth GL, Wang EE. Preventive health care, 2000 update: screening and management of hyperhomocysteinemia for the prevention of coronary artery disease events. The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ 2000;163:21-9. View abstract.
  509. Haslam RHA, et al. Is there a role for megavitamin therapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Advances Neurol 1992;58:303-10. View abstract.
  510. Curhan GC, Willet WC, Rimm EB, et al. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C and B6, and the risk of kidney stones in men. J Urol 1996;155:1847-51. View abstract.
  511. Curhan GC, Willet WC, Speizer FE, et al. Intake of vitamin B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:840-5. View abstract.
  512. Revusova V, Gratzlova J, Zvara V, et al. The evaluation of some biochemical parameters in pyridoxine-treated calcium oxalate renal stone formers. Urol Int 1977;32:348-52. View abstract.
  513. Yendt ER, Cohanim M. Response to physiologic dose of pyridoxine in type I primary hyperoxaluria. N Engl J Med 1985;312:953-7. View abstract.
  514. Gill HS, Rose GA. Mild metabolic hyperoxaluria and its response to pyridoxine. Urol Int 1986;41:393-6. View abstract.
  515. Mitwalli A, Ayiomamitis A, Grass L, et al. Control of hyperoxaluria with large doses of pyridoxine in patients with kidney stones. Int Urol Nephrol 1988;20:353-9. View abstract.
  516. Baxter P, Aicardi J. Neonatal seizures after pyridoxine use. Lancet 1999;354:2082-3. View abstract.
  517. Bourin M, Bougerol T, Guitton B, Broutin E. A combination of plant extracts in the treatment of outpatients with adjustment disorder with anxious mood: controlled study vs placebo. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1997;11:127-32. View abstract.
  518. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309065542/html/.
  519. Tamborini A, Taurelle R. [Value of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in the management of congestive symptoms of premenstrual syndrome]. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 1993;88:447-57. View abstract.
  520. Sahakian V, Rouse D, Sipes S, et al. Vitamin B6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:33-6. View abstract.
  521. Vutyavanich T, Wongtra-ngan S, Ruangsri R. Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:881-4. View abstract.
  522. Vutyavanich T, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri R. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:577-82. View abstract.
  523. Taylor LH, Kobak KA. An open-label trial of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:575-8. View abstract.
  524. Findling RL, Maxwell K, Scotese-Wojtila L, et al. High-dose pyridoxine and magnesium administration in children with autistic disorder: an absence of salutary effects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Autism Dev Disord 1997;27:467-78. View abstract.
  525. London RS, Sundaram GS, Murphy L, Goldstein PJ. The effect of alpha-tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double-blind study. J Am Coll Nutr 1983;2:115-22. View abstract.
  526. London RS, Murphy L, Kitlowski KE, Reynolds MA. Efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med 1987;32:400-4. View abstract.
  527. Zipursky A, Brown EJ, Watts J, et al. Oral vitamin E supplementation for the prevention of anemia in premature infants: a controlled trial. Pediatrics 1987;79:61-8. View abstract.
  528. Parry GJ, Bredesen DE. Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine. Neurology 1985;35:1466-8. View abstract.
  529. South M. Neonatal seizures after pyridoxine use -- reply. Lancet 1999;354:2083.
  530. Seelig MS. Auto-immune complications of D-penicillamine - A possible result of zinc and magnesium depletion and of pyridoxine inactivation. J Am Coll Nutr 1982;1:207-14. View abstract.
  531. Raskin HN, Fishman RA. Pyridoxine-deficiency neuropathy due to hydralazine. N Engl J Med 1965;273:1182-5. View abstract.
  532. Delport R, Ubbink JB, Serfontein WJ, et al. Vitamin B6 nutritional status in asthma. The effect of theophylline therapy on plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate and pyridoxal levels. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1988;58:67-72. View abstract.
  533. Prasad AS, Lei KY, Moghissi KS, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on nutrients. III. Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;125:1063-9. View abstract.
  534. Snider DE Jr. Pyridoxine supplementation during isoniazid therapy. Tubercle 1980;61:191-6. View abstract.
  535. Pellock JM, Howell J, Kendig EI Jr, et al. Pyridoxine deficiency in children treated with isoniazid. Chest 1985;87:658-61. View abstract.
  536. Matsui MS, Rozovski SJ. Drug-nutrient interaction. Clin Ther 1982;4:423-40. View abstract.
  537. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:S43-5. View abstract.
  538. Gorbach SL. Bengt E. Gustafsson memorial lecture. Function of the normal human microflora. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1986;49:17-30. View abstract.
  539. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Dzavik V, et al. Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation 2001;103:919-25. View abstract.
  540. Brenner A. The effects of megadoses of selected B complex vitamins on children with hyperkinesis: controlled studies with long-term follow-up. J Learn Disabil 1982;15:258-64. View abstract.
  541. Geerling BJ, Dagnelie PC, Badart-Smook A, et al. Diet as a risk factor for the development of ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1008-13. View abstract.
  542. Voutilainen S, Lakka TA, Porkkala-Sarataho E, et al. Low serum folate concentrations are associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:424-8. View abstract.
  543. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. View abstract.
  544. Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Jones PW, Shaughn O'Brien PM. Efficacy of vitamin B6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. BMJ 1999;318:1375-81. View abstract.
  545. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
  546. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1998;279:359-64. View abstract.
  547. Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:517-27. View abstract.
  548. Hansten PD, Horn JR. Drug Interactions Analysis and Management. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics Inc., 1997 and updates.
  549. Kastrup EK. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 1998 ed. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons, 1998.
  550. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
  551. Woodside JV, Yarnell JW, McMaster D, et al. Effect of B-group vitamins and antioxidant vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia: a double-blind, randomized, factorial-design, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:858-66. View abstract.
  552. Landgren F, Israelsson B, Lindgren A, et al. Plasma homocysteine in acute myocardial infarction: homocysteine-lowering effect of folic acid. J Intern Med 1995;237:381-8. View abstract.
  553. Volz HP, Kieser M. Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders--a randomized placebo-controlled 25-week outpatient trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30:1-5. View abstract.
  554. Christensen B, Landaas S, Stensvold I, et al. Whole blood folate, homocysteine in serum, and risk of first acute myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 1999;147:317-26. View abstract.
  555. Morrow LE, Grimsley EW. Long-term diuretic therapy in hypertensive patients: effects on serum homocysteine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and red blood cell folate concentrations. South Med J 1999;92:866-70. View abstract.
  556. Thys-Jacobs S, Ceccarelli S, Bierman A, et al. Calcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. J Gen Intern Med 1989;4:183-9. View abstract.
  557. Thys-Jacobs S, Starkey P, Bernstein D, Tian J. Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Premenstrual Syndrome Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:444-52. View abstract.
  558. Bostom AG, Gohh RY, Beaulieu AJ, et al. Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant recipients. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:1089-92. View abstract.
  559. Freeman EW, Rickels K, Sondheimer SJ, Polansky M. A double-blind trial of oral progesterone, alprazolam, and placebo in treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome. JAMA 1995;274:51-7. View abstract.
  560. Rattan V, Sidhu H, Vaidyanathan S. Effect of combined supplementation of magnesium oxide and pyridoxine in calcium-oxalate stone formers. Urol Res 1994;22:161-5. View abstract.
  561. Facchinetti F, Borella P, Sances G, et al. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:177-81. View abstract.
  562. Khoo SK, Munro C, Battistutta D. Evening primrose oil and treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Med J Aust 1990;153:189-92. View abstract.
  563. Coleman M, Steinberg G, Tippett J, et al. A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: A double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate. Biol Psych 1979;14:741-51. View abstract.
  564. PremesisRx. Pharmacist's Letter / Prescriber's Letter 1999:15;151206.
  565. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
Last reviewed - 12/05/2023