Skip navigation

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/1126.html

Berberine

What is it?

Berberine is a chemical found in some plants like European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree turmeric.

Berberine is a bitter-tasting and yellow-colored chemical. It might help strengthen the heartbeat, which could benefit people with certain heart conditions. It might also kill bacteria, help regulate how the body uses sugar in the blood, and help reduce swelling.

People most commonly use berberine for diabetes, high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the blood, and high blood pressure. It is also used for burns, canker sores, liver disease, and many other conditions but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses.

How effective is it?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.

The effectiveness ratings for BERBERINE are as follows:

Possibly effective for...

  • Canker sores. Applying a gel containing berberine can reduce pain, redness, oozing, and the size of canker sores.
  • Diabetes. Taking berberine by mouth seems to slightly reduce blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.
  • A digestive tract infection that can lead to ulcers (Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori). Adding berberine by mouth to multiple medications that are typically used to treat this condition might work as well as other accepted treatments for this condition. These other treatments also use multiple medications.
  • High levels of cholesterol or other fats (lipids) in the blood (hyperlipidemia). Taking berberine by mouth, alone or with other ingredients, might help lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in people with high cholesterol.
  • High blood pressure. Taking 0.9 grams of berberine by mouth daily along with the blood pressure-lowering drug amlodipine reduces blood pressure better than taking amlodipine alone in people with high blood pressure.
  • A hormonal disorder that causes enlarged ovaries with cysts (polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS). Taking berberine by mouth might lower blood sugar, improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels, reduce testosterone levels, and lower waist-to-hip ratio in people with PCOS.
There is interest in using berberine for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Is it safe?

When taken by mouth: Berberine is possibly safe for most adults. It's been used safely in doses up to 1.5 grams daily for 6 months. Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation, gas, and upset stomach.

When applied to the skin: Berberine is possibly safe for most adults when used short-term.

Special precautions & warnings:

Pregnancy: It's likely unsafe to take berberine by mouth if you are pregnant. Berberine can cross the placenta and might cause harm to the fetus. Kernicterus, a type of brain damage, has developed in newborn infants exposed to berberine.

Breast-feeding: It's likely unsafe to take berberine if you are breast-feeding. Berberine can be transferred to the infant through breast milk, and it might cause harm.

Children: It's likely unsafe to give berberine to newborns. It can cause kernicterus, a rare type of brain damage that can occur in newborns who have severe jaundice. There isn't enough reliable information to know if berberine is safe in older children.

High bilirubin levels in the blood in infants: Bilirubin is a chemical that is produced when old red blood cells break down. It is normally removed by the liver. Berberine may keep the liver from removing bilirubin fast enough. This can cause brain problems, especially in infants with high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Avoid using.

Are there interactions with medications?

Major
Do not take this combination.
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)
Berberine might decrease how quickly the body breaks down cyclosporine. This might increase the effects and side effects of cyclosporine.
Moderate
Be cautious with this combination.
Dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, others)
Berberine might decrease how quickly the body breaks down dextromethorphan. This might increase the effects and side effects of dextromethorphan.
Losartan (Cozaar)
The liver activates losartan to make it work. Berberine might decrease how quickly the body activates it, which might decrease the effects of losartan.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates)
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Berberine might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates)
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Berberine might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates)
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Berberine might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)
Berberine might lower blood sugar levels. Taking berberine along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)
Berberine might lower blood pressure. Taking berberine along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)
Berberine might slow blood clotting. Taking berberine along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Metformin (Glucophage)
Berberine might increase the amount of metformin in the body. This may increase its effects and side effects. This interaction seems to occur when berberine is taken around 2 hours before metformin. Taking berberine and metformin at the same time doesn't appear to increase the amount of metformin in the body.
Midazolam (Versed)
The body breaks down midazolam to get rid of it. Berberine can decrease how quickly the body breaks it down. This might increase the effects and side effects of midazolam.
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
Pentobarbital is a medication that can cause sleepiness. Berberine might also cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Taking berberine with pentobarbital might cause too much sleepiness.
Sedative medications (CNS depressants)
Berberine might cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Some medications, called sedatives, can also cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Taking berberine with sedative medications might cause breathing problems and/or too much sleepiness.
Tacrolimus (Prograf)
Tacrolimus is removed from the body by the liver. Berberine might slow down the body's ability to remove tacrolimus. This might increase the effects and side effects of tacrolimus.

Are there interactions with herbs and supplements?

Cannabidiol (CBD)
Taking berberine and CBD together might cause heart rhythm problems at high doses. CBD might also slow down the body's ability to remove berberine. This might increase the effects and side effects of berberine.
Herbs and supplements that might lower blood pressure
Berberine might lower blood pressure. Taking it with other supplements that have the same effect might cause blood pressure to drop too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include andrographis, casein peptides, L-arginine, niacin, and stinging nettle.
Herbs and supplements that might lower blood sugar
Berberine might lower blood sugar. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might lower blood sugar too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include aloe, bitter melon, cassia cinnamon, chromium, and prickly pear cactus.
Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting
Berberine might slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might increase the risk of bleeding in some people. Examples of supplements with this effect include garlic, ginger, ginkgo, nattokinase, and Panax ginseng.
Herbs and supplements with sedative properties
Berberine might cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Taking it along with other supplements with similar effects might cause too much sleepiness and/or slowed breathing in some people. Examples of supplements with this effect include hops, kava, L-tryptophan, melatonin, and valerian.
Probiotics
Probiotics are living organisms. Berberine might kill certain probiotics. If taken together, berberine might reduce how well probiotic supplements work.

Are there interactions with foods?

There are no known interactions with foods.

How is it typically used?

Berberine has most often been used by adults in doses of 0.4-1.5 grams by mouth daily for up to 2 years. Berberine has also been used in eye drops and gels. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition.

Other names

Alcaloïde de Berbérine, Berberina, Berbérine, Berberine Alkaloid, Berberine Complex, Berberine Sulfate, Sulfate de Berbérine, Umbellatine, 9,10-Dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-7?5-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ylium; 5,6-Dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium; 7,8,13,13a-Tetradehydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-(methylenedioxy)berbinium.

Methodology

To learn more about how this article was written, please see the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database methodology.

References

  1. Nie Q, Li M, Huang C, et al. The clinical efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Transl Med 2024;22:225. View abstract.
  2. Qiao M, Lei C, Tan C, Lu C, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Wang Z. Efficacy and safety of berberine for premature ventricular contractions: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pharm Biol. 2023 Dec;61:1474-1483. View abstract.
  3. Rondanelli M, Gasparri C, Petrangolini G, et al. Berberine phospholipid exerts a positive effect on the glycemic profile of overweight subjects with impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG): a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023;27:6718-6727. View abstract.
  4. Panigrahi A, Mohanty S. Efficacy and safety of HIMABERB® Berberine on glycemic control in patients with prediabetes: double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomized pilot trial. BMC Endocr Disord 2023;23:190. View abstract.
  5. Luo D, Yu B, Sun S, et al. Effects of adjuvant berberine therapy on acute ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2023;37:3820-3838. View abstract.
  6. Chen S, Shen W, Liu Y, Dong Q, Shi Y. Efficacy and safety of triple therapy containing berberine, amoxicillin, and vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori initial treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023;136:1690-1698. View abstract.
  7. Rondanelli M, Riva A, Petrangolini G, et al. Berberine Phospholipid Is an Effective Insulin Sensitizer and Improves Metabolic and Hormonal Disorders in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A One-Group Pretest-Post-Test Explanatory Study. Nutrients. 2021;13:3665. View abstract.
  8. Blais JE, Huang X, Zhao JV. Overall and Sex-Specific Effect of Berberine for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. Drugs 2023;83:403-427. View abstract.
  9. Yang L, Zhu W, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu W, Shen T. Efficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytomedicine 2023;112:154716. View abstract.
  10. Chen XX, Chen YX, Bi HX, et al. Efficacy and safety of triple therapy containing berberine hydrochloride, amoxicillin, and rabeprazole in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J Dig Dis 2022;23:568-76. View abstract.
  11. Zhang J, Wang Y, Jiang H, et al. Preventive effect of berberine on postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2022;15:e011160. View abstract.
  12. Kowdley KV, Forman L, Eksteen B, et al. A randomized, dose-finding, proof-of-concept study of berberine ursodeoxycholate in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2022;117:1805-15. View abstract.
  13. Déléaval M, Burri H, Bakelants E. Harmless herbs? A case report of acquired long QT syndrome and torsades de pointes in a patient taking herbal supplements. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2022;8:309-12. View abstract.
  14. Chan M, Qin Z, Man SC, et al. Adjunctive berberine reduces antipsychotic-associated weight gain and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022;76:77-85. View abstract.
  15. Lu Y, Zhang X, He J, et al. The effects of berberine on inflammatory markers in Chinese patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Inflammopharmacology 2022;30:1063-77. View abstract.
  16. Fang S, Guo S, Du S, et al. Efficacy and safety of berberine in preventing recurrence of colorectal adenomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 2022;282:114617. View abstract.
  17. Wang S, Ren H, Zhong H, et al. Combined berberine and probiotic treatment as an effective regimen for improving postprandial hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients: a double blinded placebo controlled randomized study. Gut Microbes 2022;14:2003176. View abstract.
  18. Ming J, Yu X, Xu X, et al. Effectiveness and safety of Bifidobacterium and berberine in human hyperglycemia and their regulatory effect on the gut microbiota: a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel-controlled study. Genome Med 2021;13:125. View abstract.
  19. Moon JM, Ratliff KM, Hagele AM, Stecker RA, Mumford PW, Kerksick CM. Absorption kinetics of berberine and dihydroberberine and their impact on glycemia: a randomized, controlled, crossover pilot trial. Nutrients 2021;14:124. View abstract.
  20. Guo J, Chen H, Zhang X, et al. The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021;2021:2074610. View abstract.
  21. Asbaghi O, Ghanbari N, Shekari M, et al. The effect of berberine supplementation on obesity parameters, inflammation and liver function enzymes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020;38:43-9. View abstract.
  22. Chen YX, Gao QY, Zou TH, et al. Berberine versus placebo for the prevention of recurrence of colorectal adenoma: a multicentre, double-blinded, randomised controlled study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:267-75. View abstract.
  23. Beba M, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar S. Effect of Berberine on C-reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019;46:81-6. View abstract.
  24. Lyu Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota. Life Sci. 2019;235:116818. View abstract.
  25. Xu L, Zhang Y, Xue X, et al. A phase I trial of berberine in Chinese with ulcerative colitis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2020;13:117-26. View abstract.
  26. Zhang LS, Zhang JH, Feng R, et al. Efficacy and safety of berberine alone or combined with statins for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Chin Med 2019;47:751-67. View abstract.
  27. Qing Y, Dong X, Hongli L, Yanhui L. Berberine promoted myocardial protection of postoperative patients through regulating myocardial autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;105:1050-1053. View abstract.
  28. Ju J, Li J, Lin Q, Xu H. Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidaemias: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytomedicine. 2018;50:25-34. View abstract.
  29. Li G, Zhao M, Qiu F, Sun Y, Zhao L. Pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability of berberine chloride with simvastatin and fenofibrate: an open-label, randomized, parallel study in healthy Chinese subjects. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;13:129-139. View abstract.
  30. Yan HM, Xia MF, Wang Y, Chang XX, Yao XZ, Rao SX, et al. Efficacy of berberine in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 7;10:e0134172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134172. View abstract.
  31. Chen C, Tao C, Liu Z, Lu M, Pan Q, Zheng L, et al. A randomized clinical trial of berberine hydrochloride in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Phytother Res. 2015 Nov;29:1822-7. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5475. View abstract.
  32. Wu XK, Wang YY, Liu JP, Liang RN, Xue HY, Ma HX, et al. Randomized controlled trial of letrozole, berberine, or a combination for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2016;106:757-765.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.05.022. View abstract.
  33. Zhang D, Ke L, Ni Z, Chen Y, Zhang LH, Zhu SH, et al. Berberine containing quadruple therapy for initial Helicobacter pylori eradication: An open-label randomized phase IV trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e7697. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007697. View abstract.
  34. Marazzi G, Campolongo G, Pelliccia F, Quattrino S, Vitale C, Cacciotti L, et al. Comparison of low-dose statin versus low-dose statin + Armolipid plus in high-intensity statin-intolerant patients with a previous coronary event and percutaneous coronary intervention (ADHERENCE trial). Am J Cardiol. 2017 Sep 15;120:893-897. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.06.015. View abstract.
  35. Marazzi G, Pelliccia F, Campolongo G, Quattrino S, Cacciotti L, Volterrani M, et al. Usefulness of nutraceuticals (Armolipid Plus) versus ezetimibe and combination in statin-intolerant patients with dyslipidemia with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2015 Dec 15;116:1798-801. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.09.023. View abstract.
  36. Wen C, Wu L, Fu L, Zhang X, Zhou H. Berberine enhances the anti tumor activity of tamoxifen in drug sensitive MCF 7 and drug resistant MCF 7/TAM cells. Mol Med Rep. 2016;14:2250-6. View abstract.
  37. Millán J, Cicero AF, Torres F, Anguera A. Effects of a nutraceutical combination containing berberine (BRB), policosanol, and red yeast rice (RYR), on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2016;28:178-87. View abstract.
  38. Pérez-Rubio KG, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, Robles-Cervantes JA, Espinel-Bermúdez MC. Effect of berberine administration on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2013;11:366-9. View abstract.
  39. Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:69-81. View abstract.
  40. Jiang XW, Zhang Y, Zhu YL, et al. Effects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohort. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;115:212-7. View abstract.
  41. Hou Q, Han W, Fu X. Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and berberine in a child with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013;69:1861-2. View abstract.
  42. Dong H, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Lu F. The effects of berberine on blood lipids: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Planta Med 2013;79:437-46. View abstract.
  43. An Y, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Liu B, Guan Y, Lu M. The use of berberine for women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;80:425-31. View abstract.
  44. Abascal K, Yarnell E. Recent clinical advances with berberine. Altern Complement Ther 2010;16:281-7.
  45. Huang CG, Chu ZL, Wei SJ, Jiang H, Jiao BH. Effect of berberine on arachidonic acid metabolism in rabbit platelets and endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2002;106(4-5):223-7. View abstract.
  46. Garber AJ. Long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a review of their efficacy and tolerability. Diabetes Care 2011;34 Suppl 2:S279-84. View abstract.
  47. Coughlan KA, Valentine RJ, Ruderman NB, Saha AK. AMPK activation: a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014;7:241-53. View abstract.
  48. Butcher NJ, Minchin RF. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: a novel drug target in cancer development. Pharmacol Rev 2012;64:147-65. View abstract.
  49. Ruscica M, Gomaraschi M, Mombelli G, Macchi C, Bosisio R, Pazzucconi F, Pavanello C, Calabresi L, Arnoldi A, Sirtori CR, Magni P. Nutraceutical approach to moderate cardiometabolic risk: results of a randomized, double-blind and crossover study with Armolipid Plus. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8:61-8. View abstract.
  50. Rabbani G. Mechanism and treatment of diarrhoea due to Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli: roles of drugs and prostaglandins. Danish Medical Bulletin 1996;43:173-185.
  51. Kaneda Y, Torii M, Tanaka T, and et al. In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1991;85:417-425.
  52. Saksena HC, Tomar VN, and Soangra MR. Efficacy of a new salt of Berberine Uni-Berberine in oriental sore. Current Medical Practice 1970;14:247-252.
  53. Purohit SK, Kochar DK, Lal BB, and et al. Cultivation of Leishmania tropica from untreated and treated cases of oriental sore. Indian Journal of Public Health 1982;26:34-37.
  54. Sharma R, Joshi CK, and Goyal RK. Berberine tannate in acute diarrhoea. Indian Pediatrics 1970;7:496-501.
  55. Li XB. [Controlled clinical trial in infants and children comparing Lacteol Fort sachets with two antidiarrhoeal reference drugs]. Ann Pediatr 1995;42:396-401.
  56. Lahiri S and Dutta NK. Berberine and chloramphenicol in the treatment of cholera and severe diarrhoea. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 1967;48:1-11.
  57. Kamat SA. Clinical trials with berberine hydrochloride for the control of diarrhea in acute gastroenteritis. J Assoc Physicians India 1967;15:525-529.
  58. Dutta NK and Panse MV. Usefulness of berberine (an alkaloid from Berberis aristata) in the treatment of cholera (experimental). Indian J Med Res 1962;50:732-736.
  59. Wu, S. N., Yu, H. S., Jan, C. R., Li, H. F., and Yu, C. L. Inhibitory effects of berberine on voltage- and calcium-activated potassium currents in human myeloma cells. Life Sci 1998;62:2283-2294. View abstract.
  60. Ozaki, Y., Suzuki, H., and Satake, M. [Comparative studies on concentration of berberine in plasma after oral administration of coptidis rhizoma extract, its cultured cells extract, and combined use of these extracts and glycyrrhizae radix extract in rats]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1993;113:63-69. View abstract.
  61. Hu, F. L. [Comparison of acid and Helicobacter pylori in ulcerogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease]. Zhonghua Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 1993;73:217-9, 253. View abstract.
  62. Arana, B. A., Navin, T. R., Arana, F. E., Berman, J. D., and Rosenkaimer, F. Efficacy of a short course (10 days) of high-dose meglumine antimonate with or without interferon-gamma in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:381-384. View abstract.
  63. Chekalina, S. I., Umurzakova, R. Z., Saliev, K. K., and Abdurakhmanov, T. R. [Effect of berberine bisulfate on platelet hemostasis in thrombocytopenia patients]. Gematologiia i Transfuziologiia 1994;39:33-35. View abstract.
  64. Ni, Y. X., Yang, J., and Fan, S. [Clinical study on jiang tang san in treating non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1994;14:650-652. View abstract.
  65. Kuo, C. L., Chou, C. C., and Yung, B. Y. Berberine complexes with DNA in the berberine-induced apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett 7-13-1995;93:193-200. View abstract.
  66. Miyazaki, H., Shirai, E., Ishibashi, M., Hosoi, K., Shibata, S., and Iwanaga, M. Quantitation of berberine chloride in human urine by use of selected ion monitoring in the field desorption mode. Biomed.Mass Spectrom. 1978;5:559-565. View abstract.
  67. Babbar, O. P., Chhatwal, V. K., Ray, I. B., and Mehra, M. K. Effect of berberine chloride eye drops on clinically positive trachoma patients. Indian J Med Res. 1982;76 Suppl:83-88. View abstract.
  68. Mahajan, V. M., Sharma, A., and Rattan, A. Antimycotic activity of berberine sulphate: an alkaloid from an Indian medicinal herb. Sabouraudia. 1982;20:79-81. View abstract.
  69. Mohan, M., Pant, C. R., Angra, S. K., and Mahajan, V. M. Berberine in trachoma. (A clinical trial). Indian J Ophthalmol. 1982;30:69-75. View abstract.
  70. Tai, Y. H., Feser, J. F., Marnane, W. G., and Desjeux, J. F. Antisecretory effects of berberine in rat ileum. Am J Physiol 1981;241:G253-G258. View abstract.
  71. Chun YT, Yip TT, Lau KL, and et al. A biochemical study on the hypotensive effect of berberine in rats. Gen Pharmac 1979;10:177-182. View abstract.
  72. Desai, A. B., Shah, K. M., and Shah, D. M. Berberine in treatment of diarrhoea. Indian Pediatr. 1971;8:462-465. View abstract.
  73. Khin, Maung U., Myo, Khin, Nyunt, Nyunt Wai, Aye, Kyaw, and Tin, U. Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoea. Br.Med.J.(Clin.Res.Ed) 12-7-1985;291:1601-1605. View abstract.
  74. Khin, Maung U., Myo, Khin, Nyunt, Nyunt Wai, and Tin, U. Clinical trial of high-dose berberine and tetracycline in cholera. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1987;5:184-187. View abstract.
  75. Thumm, H. W. and Tritschler, J. [The action of Berberin-drops on the intraocular pressure (IOP) (author's transl)]. Klin.Monbl.Augenheilkd. 1977;170:119-123. View abstract.
  76. Albal, M. V., Jadhav, S., and Chandorkar, A. G. Clinical evaluation of berberine in mycotic infections. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1986;34:91-92. View abstract.
  77. Wang, N., Feng, Y., Cheung, F., Chow, O. Y., Wang, X., Su, W., and Tong, Y. A comparative study on the hepatoprotective action of bear bile and Coptidis Rhizoma aqueous extract on experimental liver fibrosis in rats. BMC.Complement Altern.Med 2012;12:239. View abstract.
  78. Pisciotta, L., Bellocchio, A., and Bertolini, S. Nutraceutical pill containing berberine versus ezetimibe on plasma lipid pattern in hypercholesterolemic subjects and its additive effect in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia on stable cholesterol-lowering treatment. Lipids Health Dis 2012;11:123. View abstract.
  79. Trimarco, V., Cimmino, C. S., Santoro, M., Pagnano, G., Manzi, M. V., Piglia, A., Giudice, C. A., De, Luca N., and Izzo, R. Nutraceuticals for blood pressure control in patients with high-normal or grade 1 hypertension. High Blood Press Cardiovasc.Prev. 9-1-2012;19:117-122. View abstract.
  80. Hayasaka, S., Kodama, T., and Ohira, A. Traditional Japanese herbal (kampo) medicines and treatment of ocular diseases: a review. Am J Chin Med 2012;40:887-904. View abstract.
  81. Hermann, R. and von, Richter O. Clinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Planta Med 2012;78:1458-1477. View abstract.
  82. Hu, Y., Ehli, E. A., Kittelsrud, J., Ronan, P. J., Munger, K., Downey, T., Bohlen, K., Callahan, L., Munson, V., Jahnke, M., Marshall, L. L., Nelson, K., Huizenga, P., Hansen, R., Soundy, T. J., and Davies, G. E. Lipid-lowering effect of berberine in human subjects and rats. Phytomedicine. 7-15-2012;19:861-867. View abstract.
  83. Carlomagno, G., Pirozzi, C., Mercurio, V., Ruvolo, A., and Fazio, S. Effects of a nutraceutical combination on left ventricular remodeling and vasoreactivity in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2012;22:e13-e14. View abstract.
  84. Cianci, A., Cicero, A. F., Colacurci, N., Matarazzo, M. G., and De, Leo, V. Activity of isoflavones and berberine on vasomotor symptoms and lipid profile in menopausal women. Gynecol.Endocrinol. 2012;28:699-702. View abstract.
  85. Xie, X., Meng, X., Zhou, X., Shu, X., and Kong, H. [Research on therapeutic effect and hemorrheology change of berberine in new diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes combining nonalcoholic fatty liver disease]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2011;36:3032-3035. View abstract.
  86. Meng, S., Wang, L. S., Huang, Z. Q., Zhou, Q., Sun, Y. G., Cao, J. T., Li, Y. G., and Wang, C. Q. Berberine ameliorates inflammation in patients with acute coronary syndrome following percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Exp.Pharmacol Physiol 2012;39:406-411. View abstract.
  87. Kim, H. S., Kim, M. J., Kim, E. J., Yang, Y., Lee, M. S., and Lim, J. S. Berberine-induced AMPK activation inhibits the metastatic potential of melanoma cells via reduction of ERK activity and COX-2 protein expression. Biochem.Pharmacol 2-1-2012;83:385-394. View abstract.
  88. Marazzi, G., Cacciotti, L., Pelliccia, F., Iaia, L., Volterrani, M., Caminiti, G., Sposato, B., Massaro, R., Grieco, F., and Rosano, G. Long-term effects of nutraceuticals (berberine, red yeast rice, policosanol) in elderly hypercholesterolemic patients. Adv.Ther 2011;28:1105-1113. View abstract.
  89. Wei, W., Zhao, H., Wang, A., Sui, M., Liang, K., Deng, H., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., and Guan, Y. A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:99-105. View abstract.
  90. Wang, Q., Zhang, M., Liang, B., Shirwany, N., Zhu, Y., and Zou, M. H. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase is required for berberine-induced reduction of atherosclerosis in mice: the role of uncoupling protein 2. PLoS.One. 2011;6:e25436. View abstract.
  91. Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Tan, Z. R., Klaassen, C. D., and Zhou, H. H. Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012;68:213-217. View abstract.
  92. Lamb, J. J., Holick, M. F., Lerman, R. H., Konda, V. R., Minich, D. M., Desai, A., Chen, T. C., Austin, M., Kornberg, J., Chang, J. L., Hsi, A., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Nutritional supplementation of hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D, and vitamin K produces a favorable bone biomarker profile supporting healthy bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res 2011;31:347-355. View abstract.
  93. Holick, M. F., Lamb, J. J., Lerman, R. H., Konda, V. R., Darland, G., Minich, D. M., Desai, A., Chen, T. C., Austin, M., Kornberg, J., Chang, J. L., Hsi, A., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 favorably impact biomarkers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women in a 14-week trial. J Bone Miner.Metab 2010;28:342-350. View abstract.
  94. Zhang, H., Wei, J., Xue, R., Wu, J. D., Zhao, W., Wang, Z. Z., Wang, S. K., Zhou, Z. X., Song, D. Q., Wang, Y. M., Pan, H. N., Kong, W. J., and Jiang, J. D. Berberine lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through increasing insulin receptor expression. Metabolism 2010;59:285-292. View abstract.
  95. Wang, Y., Jia, X., Ghanam, K., Beaurepaire, C., Zidichouski, J., and Miller, L. Berberine and plant stanols synergistically inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters. Atherosclerosis 2010;209:111-117. View abstract.
  96. Li, G. H., Wang, D. L., Hu, Y. D., Pu, P., Li, D. Z., Wang, W. D., Zhu, B., Hao, P., Wang, J., Xu, X. Q., Wan, J. Q., Zhou, Y. B., and Chen, Z. T. Berberine inhibits acute radiation intestinal syndrome in human with abdomen radiotherapy. Med Oncol. 2010;27:919-925. View abstract.
  97. Affuso, F., Ruvolo, A., Micillo, F., Sacca, L., and Fazio, S. Effects of a nutraceutical combination (berberine, red yeast rice and policosanols) on lipid levels and endothelial function randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2010;20:656-661. View abstract.
  98. Jeong, H. W., Hsu, K. C., Lee, J. W., Ham, M., Huh, J. Y., Shin, H. J., Kim, W. S., and Kim, J. B. Berberine suppresses proinflammatory responses through AMPK activation in macrophages. Am J Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2009;296:E955-E964. View abstract.
  99. Kim, W. S., Lee, Y. S., Cha, S. H., Jeong, H. W., Choe, S. S., Lee, M. R., Oh, G. T., Park, H. S., Lee, K. U., Lane, M. D., and Kim, J. B. Berberine improves lipid dysregulation in obesity by controlling central and peripheral AMPK activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2009;296:E812-E819. View abstract.
  100. Lu, S. S., Yu, Y. L., Zhu, H. J., Liu, X. D., Liu, L., Liu, Y. W., Wang, P., Xie, L., and Wang, G. J. Berberine promotes glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide secretion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Endocrinol. 2009;200:159-165. View abstract.
  101. Liu, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, C., Cheng, Y., Hu, L., Meng, X., and Zhao, Y. Protective effects of berberine on radiation-induced lung injury via intercellular adhesion molecular-1 and transforming growth factor-beta-1 in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2008;44:2425-2432. View abstract.
  102. Yang, Z., Shao, Y. C., Li, S. J., Qi, J. L., Zhang, M. J., Hao, W., and Jin, G. Z. Medication of l-tetrahydropalmatine significantly ameliorates opiate craving and increases the abstinence rate in heroin users: a pilot study. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2008;29:781-788. View abstract.
  103. Zhou, J. Y., Zhou, S. W., Zhang, K. B., Tang, J. L., Guang, L. X., Ying, Y., Xu, Y., Zhang, L., and Li, D. D. Chronic effects of berberine on blood, liver glucolipid metabolism and liver PPARs expression in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31:1169-1176. View abstract.
  104. Yin, J., Xing, H., and Ye, J. Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2008;57:712-717. View abstract.
  105. Zhang, Y., Li, X., Zou, D., Liu, W., Yang, J., Zhu, N., Huo, L., Wang, M., Hong, J., Wu, P., Ren, G., and Ning, G. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2008;93:2559-2565. View abstract.
  106. Xu, M. G., Wang, J. M., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Yang, Z., and Tao, J. Berberine-induced mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells improves human small artery elasticity. J Hum.Hypertens 2008;22:389-393. View abstract.
  107. Yin, J., Gao, Z., Liu, D., Liu, Z., and Ye, J. Berberine improves glucose metabolism through induction of glycolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2008;294:E148-E156. View abstract.
  108. Cheng, Z., Pang, T., Gu, M., Gao, A. H., Xie, C. M., Li, J. Y., Nan, F. J., and Li, J. Berberine-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes involves both AMPK and p38 MAPK. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2006;1760:1682-1689. View abstract.
  109. Lee, Y. S., Kim, W. S., Kim, K. H., Yoon, M. J., Cho, H. J., Shen, Y., Ye, J. M., Lee, C. H., Oh, W. K., Kim, C. T., Hohnen-Behrens, C., Gosby, A., Kraegen, E. W., James, D. E., and Kim, J. B. Berberine, a natural plant product, activates AMP-activated protein kinase with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic and insulin-resistant states. Diabetes 2006;55:2256-2264. View abstract.
  110. Xin, H. W., Wu, X. C., Li, Q., Yu, A. R., Zhong, M. Y., and Liu, Y. Y. The effects of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A in healthy volunteers. Methods Find.Exp.Clin Pharmacol 2006;28:25-29. View abstract.
  111. Mantena, S. K., Sharma, S. D., and Katiyar, S. K. Berberine, a natural product, induces G1-phase cell cycle arrest and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5:296-308. View abstract.
  112. Lin, C. C., Kao, S. T., Chen, G. W., Ho, H. C., and Chung, J. G. Apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells and murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells induced by berberine through the activation of caspase-3. Anticancer Res 2006;26(1A):227-242. View abstract.
  113. Lin, J. P., Yang, J. S., Lee, J. H., Hsieh, W. T., and Chung, J. G. Berberine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma SNU-5 cell line. World J Gastroenterol. 1-7-2006;12:21-28. View abstract.
  114. Inoue, K., Kulsum, U., Chowdhury, S. A., Fujisawa, S., Ishihara, M., Yokoe, I., and Sakagami, H. Tumor-specific cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity of berberines. Anticancer Res 2005;25(6B):4053-4059. View abstract.
  115. Lee, S., Lim, H. J., Park, H. Y., Lee, K. S., Park, J. H., and Jang, Y. Berberine inhibits rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vitro and improves neointima formation after balloon injury in vivo. Berberine improves neointima formation in a rat model. Atherosclerosis 2006;186:29-37. View abstract.
  116. Kuo, C. L., Chi, C. W., and Liu, T. Y. Modulation of apoptosis by berberine through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and Mcl-1 expression in oral cancer cells. In Vivo 2005;19:247-252. View abstract.
  117. Kong, W., Wei, J., Abidi, P., Lin, M., Inaba, S., Li, C., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Si, S., Pan, H., Wang, S., Wu, J., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Liu, J., and Jiang, J. D. Berberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins. Nat Med 2004;10:1344-1351. View abstract.
  118. Yount, G., Qian, Y., Moore, D., Basila, D., West, J., Aldape, K., Arvold, N., Shalev, N., and Haas-Kogan, D. Berberine sensitizes human glioma cells, but not normal glial cells, to ionizing radiation in vitro. J Exp Ther Oncol. 2004;4:137-143. View abstract.
  119. Lin, S., Tsai, S. C., Lee, C. C., Wang, B. W., Liou, J. Y., and Shyu, K. G. Berberine inhibits HIF-1alpha expression via enhanced proteolysis. Mol Pharmacol 2004;66:612-619. View abstract.
  120. Nishida, S., Kikuichi, S., Yoshioka, S., Tsubaki, M., Fujii, Y., Matsuda, H., Kubo, M., and Irimajiri, K. Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells treated with medicinal herbs. Am J Chin Med 2003;31:551-562. View abstract.
  121. Iizuka, N., Oka, M., Yamamoto, K., Tangoku, A., Miyamoto, K., Miyamoto, T., Uchimura, S., Hamamoto, Y., and Okita, K. Identification of common or distinct genes related to antitumor activities of a medicinal herb and its major component by oligonucleotide microarray. Int J Cancer 11-20-2003;107:666-672. View abstract.
  122. Jantova, S., Cipak, L., Cernakova, M., and Kost'alova, D. Effect of berberine on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in HeLa and L1210 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003;55:1143-1149. View abstract.
  123. Hong, Y., Hui, S. S., Chan, B. T., and Hou, J. Effect of berberine on catecholamine levels in rats with experimental cardiac hypertrophy. Life Sci. 4-18-2003;72:2499-2507. View abstract.
  124. Wang, D. Y., Yeh, C. C., Lee, J. H., Hung, C. F., and Chung, J. G. Berberine inhibited arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression and DNA adduct formation in human malignant astrocytoma (G9T/VGH) and brain glioblastoma multiforms (GBM 8401) cells. Neurochem.Res 2002;27:883-889. View abstract.
  125. Sriwilaijareon, N., Petmitr, S., Mutirangura, A., Ponglikitmongkol, M., and Wilairat, P. Stage specificity of Plasmodium falciparum telomerase and its inhibition by berberine. Parasitol.Int 2002;51:99-103. View abstract.
  126. Pan, J. F., Yu, C., Zhu, D. Y., Zhang, H., Zeng, J. F., Jiang, S. H., and Ren, J. Y. Identification of three sulfate-conjugated metabolites of berberine chloride in healthy volunteers' urine after oral administration. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2002;23:77-82. View abstract.
  127. Soffar, S. A., Metwali, D. M., Abdel-Aziz, S. S., el Wakil, H. S., and Saad, G. A. Evaluation of the effect of a plant alkaloid (berberine derived from Berberis aristata) on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. J Egypt.Soc Parasitol. 2001;31:893-904. View abstract.
  128. Inbaraj, J. J., Kukielczak, B. M., Bilski, P., Sandvik, S. L., and Chignell, C. F. Photochemistry and photocytotoxicity of alkaloids from Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) 1. Berberine. Chem Res Toxicol 2001;14:1529-1534. View abstract.
  129. Wright, C. W., Marshall, S. J., Russell, P. F., Anderson, M. M., Phillipson, J. D., Kirby, G. C., Warhurst, D. C., and Schiff, P. L. In vitro antiplasmodial, antiamoebic, and cytotoxic activities of some monomeric isoquinoline alkaloids. J Nat Prod 2000;63:1638-1640. View abstract.
  130. Hu, J. P., Takahashi, N., and Yamada, T. Coptidis rhizoma inhibits growth and proteases of oral bacteria. Oral Dis. 2000;6:297-302. View abstract.
  131. Chung, J. G., Chen, G. W., Hung, C. F., Lee, J. H., Ho, C. C., Ho, H. C., Chang, H. L., Lin, W. C., and Lin, J. G. Effects of berberine on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity and 2-aminofluorene-DNA adduct formation in human leukemia cells. Am J Chin Med 2000;28:227-238. View abstract.
  132. Berberine. Altern Med Rev 2000;5:175-177. View abstract.
  133. Iizuka, N., Miyamoto, K., Okita, K., Tangoku, A., Hayashi, H., Yosino, S., Abe, T., Morioka, T., Hazama, S., and Oka, M. Inhibitory effect of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine on the proliferation of human esophageal cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 1-1-2000;148:19-25. View abstract.
  134. Chae, S. H., Jeong, I. H., Choi, D. H., Oh, J. W., and Ahn, Y. J. Growth-inhibiting effects of Coptis japonica root-derived isoquinoline alkaloids on human intestinal bacteria. J Agric.Food Chem 1999;47:934-938. View abstract.
  135. Zeng, X. and Zeng, X. Relationship between the clinical effects of berberine on severe congestive heart failure and its concentration in plasma studied by HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 1999;13:442-444. View abstract.
  136. Lin, J. G., Chung, J. G., Wu, L. T., Chen, G. W., Chang, H. L., and Wang, T. F. Effects of berberine on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in human colon tumor cells. Am J Chin Med 1999;27:265-275. View abstract.
  137. Chung, J. G., Wu, L. T., Chu, C. B., Jan, J. Y., Ho, C. C., Tsou, M. F., Lu, H. F., Chen, G. W., Lin, J. G., and Wang, T. F. Effects of berberine on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in human bladder tumour cells. Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:319-326. View abstract.
  138. Wu, H. L., Hsu, C. Y., Liu, W. H., and Yung, B. Y. Berberine-induced apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells is associated with down-regulation of nucleophosmin/B23 and telomerase activity. Int J Cancer 6-11-1999;81:923-929. View abstract.
  139. Sun D, Courtney HS, and Beachey EH. Berberine sulfate blocks adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells, fibronectin, and hexadecane. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1988;32:1370-1374.
  140. Palasuntheram C, Iyer KS, de Silva LB, and et al. Antibacterial activity of Coscinium fenestratum Colebr against Clostridium tetani. Ind J Med Res 1982;76(Suppl):71-76.
  141. Zhu B and Ahrens FA. Effect of berberine on intestinal secretion mediated by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin in jejunum of pigs. Am J Vet Res 1982;43:1594-1598.
  142. Supek Z and Tomic D. Farmakološko-kemijsko istrazivanje zutike (
  143. Zalewski A, Krol R, and Maroko PR. Berberine, a new inotropic agent - distinction between its cardiac and peripheral responses. Clin Res 1983;31:227A.
  144. Krol R, Zalewski A, and Maroko PR. Beneficial effects of berberine, a new positive inotropic agent, on digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation 1982;66(suppl 2):56.
  145. Subbaiah TV and Amin AH. Effect of berberine sulphate on Entamoeba histolytica. Nature 1967;215:527-528.
  146. Kaneda Y, Tanaka T, and Saw T. Effects of berberine, a plant alkaloid, on the growth of anaerobic protozoa in axenic culture. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1990;15:417-423.
  147. Ghosh AK, Bhattacharyya FK, and Ghosh DK. Leishmania donovani: amastigote inhibition and mode of action of berberine. Experimental Parasitology 1985;60:404-413.
  148. Sabir M, Mahajan VM, Mohapatra LN, and et al. Experimental study of the antitrachoma action of berberine. Indian J Med Res 1976;64:1160-1167.
  149. Seery TM and Bieter RN. A contribution to the pharmacology of berberine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1940;69:64-67.
  150. Tripathi YB and Shukla SD. Berberis artistata inhibits PAF induced aggregation of rabbit platelets. Phytotherapy Research 1996;10:628-630.
  151. Sabir M and Bhide NK. Study of some pharmacological actions of berberine. Ind J Physiol & Pharmac 1971;15:111-132.
  152. Chung JG, Wu LT, Chang SH, and et al. Inhibitory actions of berberine on growth and arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in strains of Helicobacter Pylori from peptic ulcer patients. International Journal of Toxicology 1999;18:35.
  153. Sharda DC. Berberine in the treatment of diarrhoea of infancy and childhood. J Indian M A 1970;54:22-24.
  154. Vik-Mo H, Faria DB, Cheung WM, and et al. Beneficial effects of berberine on left ventricular function in dogs with heart failure. Clinical Research 1983;31:224a.
  155. Ksiezycka E, Cheung W, and Maroko PR. Antiarrhythmic effects of berberine on aconitine-induced ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Clinical Research 1983;31:197A.
  156. Seow WK, Ferrante A, Summors A, and et al. Comparative effects of tetrandrine and berbamine on production of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Life Sciences 1992;50:pl-53-pl-58.
  157. Peng, W. H., Hsieh, M. T., and Wu, C. R. Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997;74:261-266. View abstract.
  158. Wu, J. F. and Liu, T. P. [Effects of berberine on platelet aggregation and plasma levels of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in rats with reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 1995;30:98-102. View abstract.
  159. Yuan, J., Shen, X. Z., and Zhu, X. S. [Effect of berberine on transit time of human small intestine]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1994;14:718-720. View abstract.
  160. Muller, K., Ziereis, K., and Gawlik, I. The antipsoriatic Mahonia aquifolium and its active constituents; II. Antiproliferative activity against cell growth of human keratinocytes. Planta Med 1995;61:74-75. View abstract.
  161. Swabb, E. A., Tai, Y. H., and Jordan, L. Reversal of cholera toxin-induced secretion in rat ileum by luminal berberine. Am J Physiol 1981;241:G248-G252. View abstract.
  162. Sack, R. B. and Froehlich, J. L. Berberine inhibits intestinal secretory response of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Infect Immun. 1982;35:471-475. View abstract.
  163. Zhu, B. and Ahrens, F. Antisecretory effects of berberine with morphine, clonidine, L- phenylephrine, yohimbine or neostigmine in pig jejunum. Eur J Pharmacol 12-9-1983;96(1-2):11-19. View abstract.
  164. Shanbhag, S. M., Kulkarni, H. J., and Gaitonde, B. B. Pharmacological actions of berberine on the central nervous system. Jpn.J Pharmacol 1970;20:482-487. View abstract.
  165. Choudhry, V. P., Sabir, M., and Bhide, V. N. Berberine in giardiasis. Indian Pediatr. 1972;9:143-146. View abstract.
  166. Kulkarni, S. K., Dandiya, P. C., and Varandani, N. L. Pharmacological investigations of berberine sulphate. Jpn.J Pharmacol. 1972;22:11-16. View abstract.
  167. Marin-Neto, J. A., Maciel, B. C., Secches, A. L., and Gallo, Junior L. Cardiovascular effects of berberine in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Clin.Cardiol. 1988;11:253-260. View abstract.
  168. Ni, Y. X. [Therapeutic effect of berberine on 60 patients with type II diabetes mellitus and experimental research]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi.- Chinese Journal of Modern Developments in Traditional Medicine 1988;8:711-3, 707. View abstract.
  169. Zhang, M. F. and Shen, Y. Q. [Antidiarrheal and anti-inflammatory effects of berberine]. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue.Bao. 1989;10:174-176. View abstract.
  170. Shaffer, J. E. Inotropic and chronotropic activity of berberine on isolated guinea pig atria. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1985;7:307-315. View abstract.
  171. Huang, W. M., Wu, Z. D., and Gan, Y. Q. [Effects of berberine on ischemic ventricular arrhythmia]. Zhonghua Xin.Xue.Guan.Bing.Za Zhi. 1989;17:300-1, 319. View abstract.
  172. Huang, W. [Ventricular tachyarrhythmias treated with berberine]. Zhonghua Xin.Xue.Guan.Bing.Za Zhi. 1990;18:155-6, 190. View abstract.
  173. Hui, K. K., Yu, J. L., Chan, W. F., and Tse, E. Interaction of berberine with human platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptors. Life Sci. 1991;49:315-324. View abstract.
  174. Freile, M. L., Giannini, F., Pucci, G., Sturniolo, A., Rodero, L., Pucci, O., Balzareti, V., and Enriz, R. D. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts and of berberine isolated from Berberis heterophylla. Fitoterapia 2003;74(7-8):702-705. View abstract.
  175. Khin, Maung U. and Nwe, Nwe Wai. Effect of berberine on enterotoxin-induced intestinal fluid accumulation in rats. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1992;10:201-204. View abstract.
  176. Hajnicka, V., Kost'alova, D., Svecova, D., Sochorova, R., Fuchsberger, N., and Toth, J. Effect of Mahonia aquifolium active compounds on interleukin-8 production in the human monocytic cell line THP-1. Planta Med 2002;68:266-268. View abstract.
  177. Lau, C. W., Yao, X. Q., Chen, Z. Y., Ko, W. H., and Huang, Y. Cardiovascular actions of berberine. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2001;19:234-244. View abstract.
  178. Mitani, N., Murakami, K., Yamaura, T., Ikeda, T., and Saiki, I. Inhibitory effect of berberine on the mediastinal lymph node metastasis produced by orthotopic implantation of Lewis lung carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 4-10-2001;165:35-42. View abstract.
  179. Fukuda, K., Hibiya, Y., Mutoh, M., Koshiji, M., Akao, S., and Fujiwara, H. Inhibition by berberine of cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional activity in human colon cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;66:227-233. View abstract.
  180. Li, H., Miyahara, T., Tezuka, Y., Namba, T., Suzuki, T., Dowaki, R., Watanabe, M., Nemoto, N., Tonami, S., Seto, H., and Kadota, S. The effect of kampo formulae on bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. II. Detailed study of berberine. Biol Pharm Bull 1999;22:391-396. View abstract.
  181. Abe, F., Nagafuji, S., Yamauchi, T., Okabe, H., Maki, J., Higo, H., Akahane, H., Aguilar, A., Jimenez-Estrada, M., and Reyes-Chilpa, R. Trypanocidal constituents in plants 1. Evaluation of some Mexican plants for their trypanocidal activity and active constituents in Guaco, roots of Aristolochia taliscana. Biol Pharm Bull 2002;25:1188-1191. View abstract.
  182. Chatterjee P, Franklin MR. Human cytochrome p450 inhibition and metabolic-intermediate complex formation by goldenseal extract and its methylenedioxyphenyl components. Drug Metab Dispos 2003;31:1391-7. View abstract.
  183. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. View abstract.
  184. Huang XS, Yang GF, Pan YC. Effect of berberin hydrochloride on blood concentration of cyclosporine A in cardiac transplanted patients. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2008;28:702-4. View abstract.
  185. Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2559-65. View abstract.
  186. Cicero, AF, Rovati LC, and Setnikar I. Eulipidemic effects of berberine administered alone or in combination with other natural cholesterol-lowering agents. A single-blind clinical investigation. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57:26-30. View abstract.
  187. Vollekova A, Kost'alova D, Kettmann V, Toth J. Antifungal activity of Mahonia aquifolium extract and its major protoberberine alkaloids. Phytother Res 2003;17:834-7. View abstract.
  188. Kim SH, Shin DS, Oh MN, et al. Inhibition of the bacterial surface protein anchoring transpeptidase sortase by isoquinoline alkaloids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004;68:421-4.. View abstract.
  189. Li B, Shang JC, Zhou QX. [Study of total alkaloids from rhizoma coptis chinensis on experimental gastric ulcers]. Chin J Integr Med 2005;11:217-21. View abstract.
  190. Ivanovska N, Philipov S. Study on the anti-inflammatory action of Berberis vulgaris root extract, alkaloid fractions and pure alkaloids. Int J Immunopharmacol 1996;18:553-61. View abstract.
  191. Ang ES, Lee ST, Gan CS, et al. Evaluating the role of alternative therapy in burn wound management: randomized trial comparing moist exposed burn ointment with conventional methods in the management of patients with second-degree burns. MedGenMed 2001;3:3. View abstract.
  192. Tsai PL, Tsai TH. Hepatobiliary excretion of berberine. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:405-12. . View abstract.
  193. Wu X, Li Q, Xin H, Yu A, Zhong M. Effects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61:567-72. View abstract.
  194. Khosla PG, Neeraj VI, Gupta SK, et al. Berberine, a potential drug for trachoma. Rev Int Trach Pathol Ocul Trop Subtrop Sante Publique 1992;69:147-65. View abstract.
  195. Hsiang CY, Wu SL, Cheng SE, Ho TY. Acetaldehyde-induced interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production is inhibited by berberine through nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. J Biomed Sci 2005;12:791-801. View abstract.
  196. Anis KV, Rajeshkumar NV, Kuttan R. Inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis by berberine in rats and mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53:763-8. . View abstract.
  197. Zeng XH, Zeng XJ, Li YY. Efficacy and safety of berberine for congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:173-6. View abstract.
  198. Janbaz KH, Gilani AH. Studies on preventive and curative effects of berberine on chemical-induced hepatotoxicity in rodents. Fitoterapia 2000;71:25-33.. View abstract.
  199. Fukuda K, Hibiya Y, Mutoh M, et al. Inhibition by berberine of cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional activity in human colon cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;66:227-33. View abstract.
  200. Park KS, Kang KC, Kim JH, et al. Differential inhibitory effects of protoberberines on sterol and chitin biosyntheses in Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43:667-74. View abstract.
  201. Kim JS, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Immunoquantitative analysis for berberine and its related compounds using monoclonal antibodies in herbal medicines. Analyst 2004;129:87-91. View abstract.
  202. Scazzocchio F, Corneta MF, Tomassini L, Palmery M. Antibacterial activity of Hydrastis canadensis extract and its major isolated alkaloids. Planta Med 2001;67:561-4. View abstract.
  203. Sun D, Courtney HS, Beachey EH. Berberine sulfate blocks adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells, fibronectin, and hexadecane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:1370-4. View abstract.
  204. Amin AH, Subbaiah TV, Abbasi KM. Berberine sulfate: antimicrobial activity, bioassay, and mode of action. Can J Microbiol 1969;15:1067-76. View abstract.
  205. Bhide MB, Chavan SR, Dutta NK. Absorption, distribution and excretion of berberine. Indian J Med Res 1969;57:2128-31. View abstract.
  206. Chan E. Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by berberine. Biol Neonate 1993;63:201-8. View abstract.
  207. Gupte S. Use of berberine in treatment of giardiasis. Am J Dis Child 1975;129:866. View abstract.
  208. Kaneda Y, Torii M, Tanaka T, Aikawa M. In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1991;85:417-25. View abstract.
  209. Sun D, Abraham SN, Beachey EH. Influence of berberine sulfate on synthesis and expression of Pap fimbrial adhesin in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:1274-7. View abstract.
  210. Rehman J, Dillow JM, Carter SM, et al. Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Immunol Lett 1999;68:391-5. View abstract.
  211. Sheng WD, Jiddawi MS, Hong XQ, Abdulla SM. Treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria using pyrimethamine in combination with berberine, tetracycline, or cotrimoxazole. East Afr Med J 1997;74:283-4. View abstract.
  212. Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis 1987;155:979-84. View abstract.
  213. Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1994.
  214. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
  215. Monographs on the medicinal uses of plant drugs. Exeter, UK: European Scientific Co-op Phytother, 1997.
Last reviewed - 08/14/2024