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Dirección de esta página: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/druginfo/natural/999.html

Betacaroteno

¿Qué es?

El betacaroteno pertenece a un grupo de pigmentos de color llamados carotenoides. Se convierte en vitamina A en el cuerpo y se encuentra en muchas frutas y verduras.

El betacaroteno y otros pigmentos rojos, naranjas y amarillos llamados carotenoides se consideran antioxidantes. Aportan aproximadamente el 50% de la vitamina A necesaria en la dieta. La vitamina A es un nutriente esencial. Sus efectos antioxidantes y antiinflamatorios ayudan a proteger las células del daño.

Las personas usan betacaroteno para un trastorno hereditario marcado por la sensibilidad a la luz. También se usa para prevenir ciertos cánceres, enfermedades cardíacas, cataratas, envejecimiento de la piel y muchos otros propósitos, pero no existe una buena evidencia científica que respalde la mayoría de estos usos.

Muchas autoridades sanitarias mundiales recomiendan obtener betacaroteno y otros antioxidantes de los alimentos en lugar de suplementos.

¿Qué tan efectivo es?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación.

La clasificación de la eficacia para este producto es la siguiente:

Eficaz para...

  • Un trastorno hereditario marcado por la sensibilidad a la luz (protoporfiria eritropoyética o EPP). "La ingesta de betacaroteno puede reducir la sensibilidad al sol en personas con esta condición.

Posiblemente eficaz para...

  • Cáncer de seno. Comer más betacaroteno en la dieta está relacionado con un menor riesgo de cáncer de seno en mujeres premenopáusicas de alto riesgo. En las personas con cáncer de seno, consumir más betacaroteno en la dieta está relacionado con una mayor probabilidad de supervivencia.
  • Complicaciones después del parto. La ingesta de betacaroteno antes, durante y después del embarazo puede disminuir el riesgo de diarrea y fiebre después del parto. También parece reducir el riesgo de muerte relacionada con el embarazo.
  • Quemaduras de sol. La ingesta de betacaroteno podría disminuir el riesgo de quemaduras solares en personas sensibles al sol.

Posiblemente ineficaz para...

  • Globo de la pared de un vaso sanguíneo (aneurisma). La ingesta de betacaroteno no reduce el riesgo de un aneurisma en el estómago en los fumadores masculinos.
  • Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Comer una dieta rica en betacaroteno no parece reducir el riesgo de enfermedad de Alzheimer.
  • Cataratas. La ingesta de betacaroteno, solo o junto con vitamina C, vitamina E y zinc, no parece reducir el riesgo o la progresión de las cataratas.
  • Fibrosis quística. La ingesta de betacaroteno no mejora la función pulmonar en personas con fibrosis quística.
  • Diabetes. La ingesta de betacaroteno no reduce el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes o complicaciones relacionadas con la diabetes.
  • Lunares no cancerosos (nevos displásicos). La ingesta de betacaroteno no reduce el desarrollo de lunares nuevos.
  • Cáncer de esófago. La ingesta de betacaroteno no parece reducir el riesgo de cáncer de esófago.
  • Cáncer de hígado. La ingesta de betacaroteno, solo o con vitamina E, no previene el cáncer de hígado en los hombres fumadores.
  • Enfermedad del higado. La ingesta de betacaroteno, solo o con vitamina E, no previene la muerte por enfermedad hepática en los hombres fumadores.
  • Muerte por cualquier causa. La ingesta de betacaroteno no parece reducir el riesgo de muerte por cualquier causa.
  • Accidente cerebrovascular. La ingesta de betacaroteno no reduce el riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular en los fumadores masculinos. De hecho, podría aumentar el riesgo en personas que beben alcohol.

Probablemente ineficaz para...

  • Cáncer. La ingesta de betacaroteno no reduce el riesgo de la mayoría de los tipos de cáncer.
  • Enfermedad del corazón. La ingesta de betacaroteno no reduce el riesgo de enfermedad cardíaca. De hecho, podría aumentar el riesgo de muerte relacionada con enfermedades cardíacas en algunas personas.
  • Crecimientos no cancerosos en el intestino grueso y el recto (adenoma colorrectal). La ingesta de betacaroteno no disminuye el riesgo de estos crecimientos. En las personas que fuman cigarrillos y beben alcohol, la ingesta de suplementos de betacaroteno en realidad podría aumentar el riesgo de estos crecimientos.
  • Cáncer de pulmón. La ingesta de suplementos de betacaroteno parece aumentar el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón en algunas personas. El betacaroteno de los alimentos no parece tener este efecto.
  • Cancer de prostata. La ingesta de suplementos de betacaroteno no previene el cáncer de próstata en la mayoría de las personas. De hecho, tomar suplementos de betacaroteno en realidad podría aumentar el riesgo de cáncer de próstata en algunas personas.
Existe interés en usar betacaroteno para otros propósitos, pero no hay suficiente información confiable para decir si podría ser útil.

¿Es seguro?

Cuando se toma por vía oral: Es probable que el betacaroteno sea seguro cuando se toma en cantidades adecuadas para ciertas condiciones médicas. Pero los suplementos de betacaroteno no se recomiendan para uso general.

Los suplementos de betacaroteno posiblemente no sean seguros cuando se toman por vía oral en dosis altas, especialmente cuando se toman a largo plazo. Las dosis altas de betacaroteno pueden tornar la piel de color amarillo o naranja. Tomar dosis altas de suplementos de betacaroteno también podría aumentar la probabilidad de muerte por todas las causas, aumentar el riesgo de ciertos cánceres y posiblemente causar otros efectos secundarios graves. El betacaroteno de los alimentos no parece tener estos efectos.

Advertencias y precauciones especiales:

Embarazo y lactancia: Es probable que el betacaroteno sea seguro cuando se toma por vía oral en cantidades adecuadas. Pero no hay suficiente información confiable para saber si las dosis altas de betacaroteno son seguras de usar durante el embarazo o la lactancia. Manténgase en el lado seguro y evite su uso.

Niños: Es probable que el betacaroteno sea seguro cuando se ingiere en cantidades adecuadas.

Historial de exposición al asbesto: En las personas que han estado expuestas al asbesto, los suplementos de betacaroteno pueden aumentar el riesgo de cáncer. No tome suplementos de betacaroteno si ha estado expuesto al asbesto.

Fumar: En las personas que fuman, los suplementos de betacaroteno pueden aumentar el riesgo de cáncer de colon, pulmón y próstata. No tome suplementos de betacaroteno si fuma.

¿Existen interacciones con medicamentos?

Moderadas
Tenga cuidado con esta combinación
Niacina
La niacina puede aumentar los niveles de colesterol bueno. La ingesta de betacaroteno junto con vitamina E, vitamina C y selenio puede disminuir los efectos de la niacina sobre los niveles de colesterol bueno. No se sabe si el betacaroteno solo disminuye los efectos de la niacina sobre los niveles de colesterol bueno.

¿Existen interacciones con hierbas y suplementos?

Luteína
La ingesta de suplementos de betacaroteno podría reducir los niveles de luteína en el cuerpo.

¿Existen interacciones con alimentos?

No se conoce ninguna interacción con alimentos.

¿Como se usa normalmente?

El betacaroteno se encuentra en muchas frutas y verduras. Comer cinco porciones de frutas y verduras al día proporciona de 6 a 8 mg de betacaroteno. Muchas autoridades sanitarias mundiales recomiendan obtener betacaroteno y otros antioxidantes de los alimentos en lugar de suplementos. No se recomienda tomar regularmente suplementos de betacaroteno para uso general. Hable con un proveedor de atención médica para averiguar qué dosis podría ser la mejor para una condición específica.

Otros nombres

A-Beta-Carotene, A-Bêta-Carotène, Beta Carotene, Bêta-Carotène, Bêta-Carotène Tout Trans, Carotenes, Carotènes, Carotenoids, Caroténoïdes, Caroténoïdes Mélangés, Mixed Carotenoids, Provitamin A, Provitamine A.

Metodología

Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales.

Referencias

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