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Comino Negro

¿Qué es?

El comino negro (Nigella sativa) es una planta con flores originaria de Asia y el Mediterráneo. Su semilla se ha utilizado para fabricar medicamentos durante miles de años.

El comino negro puede tener efectos en el cuerpo que ayudan a estimular el sistema inmunológico, combatir el cáncer, prevenir el embarazo, reducir la hinchazón y disminuir las reacciones alérgicas al actuar como antihistamínico.

Las personas comúnmente usan comino negro para el asma, la fiebre del heno, la diabetes, la presión arterial alta, el eccema, la pérdida de peso, los calambres menstruales y muchas otras condiciones, pero no existe una buena evidencia científica que respalde muchos de estos usos. Tampoco hay buena evidencia que respalde el uso de comino negro para COVID-19.

¿Qué tan efectivo es?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación.

La clasificación de la eficacia para este producto es la siguiente:

Posiblemente eficaz para...

  • Acné. La aplicación de un gel que contenga extracto de comino negro sobre la piel podría ayudar a mejorar el acné.
  • Fiebre del heno. La ingesta diaria de aceite de comino negro podría mejorar los síntomas de alergia en personas con fiebre del heno.
  • Asma. La ingesta de comino negro junto con medicamentos para el asma puede mejorar la tos, las sibilancias y la función pulmonar en algunas personas con asma. Pero parece funcionar solo en personas con una función pulmonar muy baja antes del tratamiento.
  • Una enfermedad pulmonar que dificulta la respiración (enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica o EPOC). La ingesta de aceite de semilla negra ayuda a mejorar la función pulmonar en personas con EPOC que también usan inhaladores recetados.
  • Diabetes. La ingesta diaria de polvo de comino negro o aceite de comino negro parece mejorar los niveles de azúcar en sangre en personas con diabetes.
  • Una infección del tracto digestivo que puede provocar úlceras (Helicobacter pylori o H. pylori). La ingesta de polvo de comino negro junto con las terapias estándar podría ayudar a deshacerse de esta infección.
  • Alta presión sanguínea. La ingesta de polvo de comino negro o aceite de comino negro puede reducir la presión arterial en una pequeña cantidad en adultos sanos. Pero no está claro si ayuda a las personas con presión arterial alta.
  • Condiciones en un hombre que le impiden embarazar a una mujer dentro de un año de intentar concebir (infertilidad masculina). La ingesta de aceite de comino negro aumenta el recuento de espermatozoides y la rapidez con que se mueven los espermatozoides. No está claro si mejora las tasas de embarazo.
  • Dolor de seno (mastalgia). La aplicación de un gel que contiene aceite de comino negro en los senos durante el ciclo menstrual parece reducir el dolor.
Existe interés en usar comino negro para otros propósitos, pero no hay suficiente información confiable para decir si podría ser útil.

¿Es seguro?

Cuando se toma por vía oral: El comino negro se consume comúnmente en los alimentos. El aceite de comino negro y el polvo de comino negro son posiblemente seguros cuando se toman en grandes cantidades por hasta 3 meses. No hay suficiente información confiable para saber si cantidades mayores son seguras cuando se usan durante más de 3 meses. El comino negro puede causar erupciones alérgicas en algunas personas. También puede causar malestar estomacal, vómitos o estreñimiento.

Cuando se aplica a la piel: El aceite o gel de comino negro es posiblemente seguro cuando se usa a corto plazo. Puede causar erupciones alérgicas en algunas personas.

Advertencias y precauciones especiales:

Embarazo: El comino negro se consume comúnmente en los alimentos. Pero tomar cantidades mayores a las que se encuentran en los alimentos durante el embarazo probablemente no sea seguro. El comino negro puede ralentizar o detener la contracción del útero.

Lactancia: No hay suficiente información confiable para saber si el comino negro es segura de usar durante la lactancia. Manténgase en el lado seguro y evite su uso.

Niños: El aceite de comino negro es posiblemente seguro para los niños cuando se ingiere por vía oral a corto plazo y en las cantidades recomendadas por peso.

Trastornos hemorrágicos: El comino negro puede retardar la coagulación sanguínea y aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia. El comino negro podría empeorar los trastornos hemorrágicos.

Cirugía: El comino negro puede retardar la coagulación de la sangre, reducir el azúcar en la sangre y aumentar la somnolencia en algunas personas. Esto puede interferir con los medicamentos que se usan durante y después de los procedimientos quirúrgicos y causar efectos secundarios graves. Deje de usar comino negro al menos dos semanas antes de una cirugía programada.

¿Existen interacciones con medicamentos?

Moderadas
Tenga cuidado con esta combinación
Amlodipina (Norvasc)
La almopidina (Norvasc) reduce la presión arterial. El comino negro también reduce la presion arterial. Tomar comino negro con amlodipina podría reducir demasiado la presión arterial. Las personas que toman comino negro junto con amlodipina deben controlar su presión arterial.
Ciclosporina (Neoral, Sandimmune)
El comino negro podría disminuir los niveles de ciclosporina en la sangre. Esto podría reducir la eficacia de la ciclosporina.
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
El clopidogrel puede retrasar la coagulación de la sangre. El comino negro también podría retardar la coagulación de la sangre. Tomar comino negro junto con clopidogrel podría aumentar las posibilidades de hematomas y sangrado.
Fenitoína (Dilantin)
La fenitoína se usa para controlar algunos tipos de convulsiones. El comino negro podría aumentar los niveles de fenitoína en la sangre. Tomar semilla negra con fenitoína podría aumentar el riesgo de tener efectos secundarios a la fenitoína.
Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2C9 (CYP2C9))
El hígado cambia y descompone algunos medicamentos. El comino negro podría cambiar la rapidez con la que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
Medicamentos para la diabetes (Antidiabéticos)
El comino negro podría disminuir los niveles de azúcar en la sangre en algunas personas. Los medicamentos para la diabetes también se usan para disminuir los niveles de azúcar en la sangre. La ingesta de comino negro junto con medicamentos para la diabetes podría causar una marcada disminución de los niveles de azúcar en la sangre. Controle minuciosamente sus niveles de azúcar en sangre. Podría necesitar modificar la dosis de su medicamento para la diabetes.

Algunos medicamentos usados para la diabetes incluyen glimepirida (Amaryl), gliburida (Diabeta, Glynase, PresTab, Micronase), insulina, metformina (Glucophage), pioglitazona (Actos), rosiglitazona (Avandia) y otros.
Medicamentos que debilitan el sistema inmunitario (Inmunosupresores)
El comino negro podría aumentar el sistema inmunitario. Al estimular el sistema inmunitario, el comino negro podría disminuir la efectividad de los medicamentos que debilitan el sistema inmunitario.

Estos medicamentos que debilitan el sistema inmunitario incluyen azatioprina (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), ciclosporina (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), micofenolato (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisona (Deltasone, Orasone), corticoesteroides (glucocorticoides) y otros.
Medicamentos que debilitan el sistema inmunitario (medicamentos serotoninérgicos)
El comino negro podría elevar los niveles de una sustancia química llamada serotonina. Ciertos medicamentos también podían aumentar los niveles de serotonina en el cerebro. La ingesta de comino negro junto con estos medicamentos podría causar un marcado aumento de los niveles de serotonina. Esto podría derivar en efectos secundarios graves, como cefaleas fuertes, problemas cardíacos, escalofríos, confusión y ansiedad.

Algunos de estos medicamentos incluyen fluoxetina (Prozac), paroxetina (Paxil), sertralina (Zoloft), amitriptilina (Elavil), clomipramina (Anafranil), imipramina (Tofranil), sumatriptano (Imitrex), zolmitriptano (Zomig), rizatriptano (Maxalt), metadona (Dolophine), tramadol (Ultram) y otros.
Medicamentos que disminuyen la coagulación de la sangre (Anticoagulantes / Antiplaquetarios)
El comino negro podría disminuir la coagulación de la sangre. La ingesta de comino negro junto con otros medicamentos que también disminuyen la coagulación podría incrementar la probabilidad de sufrir hematomas y hemorragia.

Algunos medicamentos que disminuyen la coagulación de la sangre incluyen aspirina, pidogrel (Plavix), medicamentos antinflamatorios no esteroides (AINE), tales como diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, entre otros), ibuprofeno (Advil, Motrin y otros), naproxeno (Anaprox, Naprosyn y otros), dalteparina (Fragmin), enoxaparina (Lovenox), heparina, warfarina (Coumadin), entre otros otros.
Medicamentos sedantes (depresores del SNC)
El comino negro podría causar adormecimiento y somnolencia. Los medicamentos que causan adormecimiento se denominan sedantes. La ingesta comino negro junto con sedantes podría causar demasiada somnolencia.

Ciertos sedantes incluyen clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), fenobarbital (Donnatal) y zolpidem (Ambien) entre otros.
Medicamentos usados para la presión arterial alta (medicamentos antihipertensivos)
El comino negro podría disminuir la presión arterial en algunas personas. La ingesta de comino negro junto con medicamentos usados para la diabetes podría causar una marcada disminución de los niveles de azúcar en la sangre. No ingerir demasiado comino negro si ingiere medicamentos para la presión arterial alta.

Ciertos medicamentos para la presión arterial alta incluyen la nifedipina (Adalat, Procardia), verapamil (Calan, Isoptin,Verelan), diltiazem (Cardizem), isradipina (DynaCirc), felodipina (Plendil) y amlodipina (Norvasc) entre otros.
Pastillas de agua (Drogas diuréticas)
El comino negro puede disminuir los niveles de potasio. Las "pastillas de agua" también pueden disminuir los niveles de potasio. Tomar comino negro junto con "pastillas de agua" puede hacer que los niveles de potasio bajen demasiado.
Warfarina (Coumadin)
La warfarina se usa para retardar la coagulación de la sangre. El comino negro podría aumentar los efectos de la warfarina, lo que podría aumentar el riesgo de sangrado.

¿Existen interacciones con hierbas y suplementos?

Hierbas y suplementos con propiedades sedantes
El comino negro puede causar somnolencia y respiración lenta. Tomarlo junto con otros suplementos con efectos similares puede causar demasiada somnolencia y / o respiración lenta en algunas personas. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen lúpulo, kava, L-triptófano, melatonina y valeriana.
Hierbas y suplementos con propiedades serotoninérgicas
El comino negro aumenta una sustancia química del cerebro llamada serotonina. Tomarlo junto con otros suplementos que tienen este efecto puede causar efectos secundarios graves, incluidos problemas cardíacos, convulsiones y vómitos. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen 5-HTP, L-triptófano, SAMe y la hierba de San Juan.
Hierbas y suplementos que pueden reducir el azúcar en sangre
El comino negro podría reducir el azúcar en sangre. Tomarlo con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría reducir demasiado el azúcar en sangre. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen aloe, melón amargo, canela casia, cromo y nopal.
Hierbas y suplementos que pueden reducir la presión arterial
El comino negro podría reducir la presión arterial. Tomarlo con otros suplementos que tienen el mismo efecto puede hacer que la presión arterial baje demasiado. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen andrographis, péptidos de caseína, L-arginina, niacina y ortiga.
Hierbas y suplementos que pueden retardar la coagulación sanguínea
El comino negro puede retardar la coagulación sanguínea y aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia. Tomarlo con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia en algunas personas. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen ajo, jengibre, ginkgo, nattokinasa y Panax ginseng.
Hierro
El comino negro puede aumentar la cantidad de hierro que absorbe el cuerpo. La ingesta de comino negro junto con suplementos de hierro podría aumentar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del hierro.

¿Existen interacciones con alimentos?

No se conoce ninguna interacción con alimentos.

¿Como se usa normalmente?

Los adultos han utilizado con mayor frecuencia el aceite de comino negro en dosis de 1 a 2.5 gramos por vía oral al día durante 4 a 12 semanas. El polvo de comino negro se ha utilizado con mayor frecuencia en dosis de 1 a 2 gramos por vía oral al día durante 8 a 12 semanas. Hable con un proveedor de atención médica para averiguar qué dosis podría ser la mejor para una condición específica.

Otros nombres

Ajenuz, Aranuel, Baraka, Black Caraway, Black Cumin, Black Cumin Seed Oil, Charnuska, Cheveux de Vénus, Cominho Negro, Comino Negro, Cumin Noir, Cyah Dane, Fennel Flower, Fitch, Graine de Nigelle, Graine Noire, Habatul Sauda, Habbatul Baraka, Kalajaji, Kalajira, Kalonji, Ketsah, La Grainer Noire, Love in a Mist, Mugrela, Nielle, Nigella sativa, Nigelle de Crête, Nigelle Cultivée, Nutmeg Flower, Poivrette, Roman-Coriander, Schwarzkummel, Seed of Blessing, Siyah Dane, Shoniz, Small Fennel, Toute Épice, Upakuncika.

Metodología

Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales.

Referencias

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  158. Ilhan, A., Gurel, A., Armutcu, F., Kamisli, S., and Iraz, M. Antiepileptogenic and antioxidant effects of Nigella sativa oil against pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice. Neuropharmacology 2005;49:456-464. View abstract.
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Documento revisado - 08/28/2024