¿Qué es?
El término "lúpulo" proviene del término anglosajón "hoppan", que significa "escalar". El lúpulo contiene muchos productos químicos, incluidos los ácidos amargos, que contribuyen a su sabor amargo. Algunas sustancias químicas del lúpulo parecen actuar de manera similar a la hormona estrógeno y algunas parecen causar somnolencia.
Las personas comúnmente usan el lúpulo para la ansiedad, los trastornos del sueño, la inquietud, los síntomas de la menopausia y muchas otras condiciones, pero no existe una buena evidencia científica que respalde estos usos.
¿Qué tan efectivo es?
Existe interés en usar lúpulo para varios propósitos, pero no hay suficiente información confiable para decir si podría ser útil.
¿Es seguro?
Advertencias y precauciones especiales:
Embarazo y lactancia: No hay suficiente información confiable para saber si el lúpulo es seguro de usar durante el embarazo o la lactancia. Manténgase en el lado seguro y evite su uso.Enfermedades y cánceres sensibles a las hormonas: Algunas sustancias químicas del lúpulo actúan como la hormona estrógeno. Las personas que tienen condiciones sensibles al estrógeno deben tener cuidado al tomar lúpulo. Algunas de estas afecciones incluyen cáncer de mama y endometriosis.
Cirugía: El lúpulo puede causar demasiada somnolencia cuando se combina con anestesia y otros medicamentos durante y después de los procedimientos quirúrgicos. Deje de tomar lúpulo al menos 2 semanas antes de una cirugía programada.
¿Existen interacciones con medicamentos?
- Estrógenos
- El lúpulo puede tener algunos de los mismos efectos que el estrógeno. La ingesta de lúpulo junto con estrógeno podría disminuir los efectos del estrógeno.
- Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 1A2 (CYP1A2))
- Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El lúpulo puede cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
- Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4))
- Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El lúpulo puede cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
- Medicamentos sedantes (depresores del SNC)
- Los lúpulos pueden causar somnolencia y respiración lenta. Algunos medicamentos, llamados sedantes, también pueden causar somnolencia y respiración lenta. Tomar lúpulo con medicamentos sedantes puede causar problemas respiratorios y / o mucha somnolencia.
¿Existen interacciones con hierbas y suplementos?
- Hierbas que pueden actuar como estrógenos
- El lúpulo puede tener los mismos efectos que el estrógeno. Usarlo junto con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría aumentar los efectos similares al estrógeno y los efectos secundarios. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen cohosh negro, kudzu, peonía y trébol rojo.
- Hierbas y suplementos con propiedades sedantes
- Hops might cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Taking it along with other supplements with similar effects might cause too much sleepiness and/or slowed breathing in some people. Examples of supplements with this effect include kava, L-tryptophan, melatonin, and valerian.
¿Existen interacciones con alimentos?
- No se conoce ninguna interacción con alimentos.
¿Como se usa normalmente?
Otros nombres
Metodología
Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales.
Referencias
- Bitarafan V, Fitzgerald PCE, Poppitt SD, Ingram JR, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal or intragastric administration of a bitter hop extract (Humulus lupulus L.), on upper gut motility, gut hormone secretion and energy intake in healthy-weight men. Appetite 2023;184:106490. View abstract.
- Vahedpoorfard Z, Ferdosi S, Rahimi H, Motedayyen H. Effect of Humulus lupulus L. (Hop) on Postmenopausal Sexual Dysfunction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pract 2023;2023:9528335. View abstract.
- Fukuda T, Akiyama S, Takahashi K, Iwadate Y, Ano Y. Effect of non-alcoholic beer containing matured hop bitter acids on mood states in healthy adults: A single-arm pilot study. Nurs Health Sci 2022;24:7-16. View abstract.
- Walker EG, Lo KR, Pahl MC, et al. An extract of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) modulates gut peptide hormone secretion and reduces energy intake in healthy-weight men: a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022;115:925-940. View abstract.
- van Breemen RB, Chen L, Tonsing-Carter A, et al. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Hop Dietary Supplement with Drug Metabolism in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68:5212-5220. View abstract.
- Fukuda T, Ohnuma T, Obara K, Kondo S, Arai H, Ano Y. Supplementation with Matured Hop Bitter Acids Improves Cognitive Performance and Mood State in Healthy Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76:387-398. View abstract.
- Assessment report on Humulus lupulus L., flos. European Medicines Agency, 2014. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-humulus-lupulus-l-flos_en.pdf. Accessed September 29, 2021.
- Gauruder-Burmester A, Heim S, Patz B, Seibt S. Cucurbita pepo-Rhus aromatica-Humulus lupulus combination reduces overactive bladder symptoms in women - a noninterventional study. Planta Med. 2019;85:1044-53. View abstract.
- Fukuda T, Obara K, Saito J, Umeda S, Ano Y. Effects of hop bitter acids, bitter components in beer, on cognition in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Agric Food Chem 2020;68:206-12. View abstract.
- Luzak B, Kassassir H, Roj E, Stanczyk L, Watala C, Golanski J. Xanthohumol from hop cones (Humulus lupulus L) prevents ADP-induced platelet reactivity. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2017 Feb;123:54-60. View abstract.
- Wang S, Dunlap TL, Howell CE, et al. Hop (Humuls lupulus L.) extract and 6-prenylnaringenin induce P450 1A1 catalyzed estrogen 2-hydroxylation. Chem Res Toxicol. 2016 Jul 18;29:1142-50. View abstract.
- Scholey A, Benson S, Gibbs A, Perry N, Sarris J, Murray G. Exploring the effects of Lactium and zizyphus complex on sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 17;9:E154. View abstract.
- Chadwick LR, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NR. The pharmacognosy of Humulus lupulus L. (hops) with an emphasis on estrogenic properties. Phytomedicine 2006;13(1-2):119-31. View abstract.
- Maroo N, Hazra A, Das T. Efficacy and safety of a polyherbal sedative-hypnotic formulation NSF-3 in primary insomnia in comparison to zolpidem: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Pharmacol 2013;45:34-9. View abstract.
- Maroo N, Hazra A, Das T. Efficacy and safety of a polyherbal sedative-hypnotic formulation NSF-3 in primary insomnia in comparison to zolpidem: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Pharmacol 2013;45:34-9. View abstract.
- Hänsel R, Wohlfart R, and Schmidt H. The sedative-hypnotic principle of hops. 3. Communication: contents of 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol in hops and hop preparations. Planta Med 1982;45:224-228.
- Shapouri, R and Rahnema, M. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of hops extracts on intramacrophages Brucella abortus and B. melitensis. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2011;4(Suppl 1):S51-S58.
- Kermanshahi, R. K, Esfahani, B. N, Serkani, J. E, Asghari, G. R, and Babaie, A. A. P. The study of antibacterial effect of Humulus lupulus on some of Gram positive & Gram negative bacteria. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2009;8:92-97.
- Stocker HR. Sedative und hypnogene Wirkung des Hopfens. Schweizerische Brauerei-Rundschau 1967;78:80-89.
- Lopez-Jaen, A. B., Codoñer-Franch, P, Martínez-Álvarez, J. R., Villarino-Marín, A, and Valls-Bellés, V. Effect on health of non-alcohol beer and hop supplementation in a group of nuns in a closed order. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2010;69(OCE3):26.
- Koetter, U and Biendl, M. HOPS. HerbalGram 2010;:44-57.
- Lee KM, Jung JS, Song DK, and et al. Effects of Humulus lupulus extract on the central nervous system in mice. Planta Med 1993;59(Suppl):A691.
- Godnic-Cvar, J., Zuskin, E., Mustajbegovic, J., Schachter, E. N., Kanceljak, B., Macan, J., Ilic, Z., and Ebling, Z. Respiratory and immunological findings in brewery workers. Am J Ind Med 1999;35:68-75. View abstract.
- Mannering, G. J. and Shoeman, J. A. Murine cytochrome P4503A is induced by 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 3-methyl- 1-pentyn-3-ol(meparfynol), and tert-amyl alcohol. Xenobiotica 1996;26:487-493. View abstract.
- Gerhard, U., Linnenbrink, N., Georghiadou, C., and Hobi, V. Vigilanzmindernde Effekte zweier pflazlicher Schlafmittel (Effects of two plant-based sleep remedies on vigilance). Schweiz.Rundsch.Med.Prax. 4-9-1996;85:473-481. View abstract.
- Mannering, G. J., Shoeman, J. A., and Shoeman, D. W. Effects of colupulone, a component of hops and brewers yeast, and chromium on glucose tolerance and hepatic cytochrome P450 in nondiabetic and spontaneously diabetic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 5-16-1994;200:1455-1462. View abstract.
- Yasukawa, K., Takeuchi, M., and Takido, M. Humulon, a bitter in the hop, inhibits tumor promotion by 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Oncology 1995;52:156-158. View abstract.
- Hansel, R., Wohlfart, R., and Coper, H. [Sedative-hypnotic compounds in the exhalation of hops, II]. Z.Naturforsch.[C.] 1980;35(11-12):1096-1097. View abstract.
- Wohlfart, R., Wurm, G., Hansel, R., and Schmidt, H. [Detection of sedative-hypnotic active ingredients in hops. 5. Degradation of bitter acids to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, a hop constituent with sedative-hypnotic activity]. Arch.Pharm.(Weinheim) 1983;316:132-137. View abstract.
- Wohlfart, R., Hansel, R., and Schmidt, H. [The sedative-hypnotic action of hops. 4. Communication: pharmacology of the hop substance 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol]. Planta Med 1983;48:120-123. View abstract.
- Fenselau, C. and Talalay, P. Is oestrogenic activity present in hops? Food Cosmet.Toxicol. 1973;11:597-602. View abstract.
- van Hunsel, F. P. and Kampschoer, P. [Postmenopausal bleeding and dietary supplements: a possible causal relationship with hop- and soy-containing preparations]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 2012;156:A5095. View abstract.
- Franco, L., Sanchez, C., Bravo, R., Rodriguez, A. B., Barriga, C., Romero, E., and Cubero, J. The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses. PLoS.One. 2012;7:e37290. View abstract.
- Kligler, B., Homel, P., Blank, A. E., Kenney, J., Levenson, H., and Merrell, W. Randomized trial of the effect of an integrative medicine approach to the management of asthma in adults on disease-related quality of life and pulmonary function. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2011;17:10-15. View abstract.
- Jones, J. L., Fernandez, M. L., McIntosh, M. S., Najm, W., Calle, M. C., Kalynych, C., Vukich, C., Barona, J., Ackermann, D., Kim, J. E., Kumar, V., Lott, M., Volek, J. S., and Lerman, R. H. A Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet improves variables of metabolic syndrome in women, and addition of a phytochemical-rich medical food enhances benefits on lipoprotein metabolism. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5:188-196. View abstract.
- Olas, B., Kolodziejczyk, J., Wachowicz, B., Jedrejek, D., Stochmal, A., and Oleszek, W. The extract from hop cones (Humulus lupulus) as a modulator of oxidative stress in blood platelets. Platelets. 2011;22:345-352. View abstract.
- Di, Viesti, V, Carnevale, G., Zavatti, M., Benelli, A., and Zanoli, P. Increased sexual motivation in female rats treated with Humulus lupulus L. extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 3-24-2011;134:514-517. View abstract.
- Choi, Y., Jermihov, K., Nam, S. J., Sturdy, M., Maloney, K., Qiu, X., Chadwick, L. R., Main, M., Chen, S. N., Mesecar, A. D., Farnsworth, N. R., Pauli, G. F., Fenical, W., Pezzuto, J. M., and van Breemen, R. B. Screening natural products for inhibitors of quinone reductase-2 using ultrafiltration LC-MS. Anal.Chem 2-1-2011;83:1048-1052. View abstract.
- Lerman, R. H., Minich, D. M., Darland, G., Lamb, J. J., Chang, J. L., Hsi, A., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome benefit from supplementation with soy protein, phytosterols, hops rho iso-alpha acids, and Acacia nilotica proanthocyanidins. J Clin Lipidol. 2010;4:59-68. View abstract.
- Lee, I. S., Lim, J., Gal, J., Kang, J. C., Kim, H. J., Kang, B. Y., and Choi, H. J. Anti-inflammatory activity of xanthohumol involves heme oxygenase-1 induction via NRF2-ARE signaling in microglial BV2 cells. Neurochem.Int 2011;58:153-160. View abstract.
- Deeb, D., Gao, X., Jiang, H., Arbab, A. S., Dulchavsky, S. A., and Gautam, S. C. Growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of xanthohumol, a prenylated chalone present in hops, in human prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2010;30:3333-3339. View abstract.
- Negrao, R., Costa, R., Duarte, D., Taveira, Gomes T., Mendanha, M., Moura, L., Vasques, L., Azevedo, I., and Soares, R. Angiogenesis and inflammation signaling are targets of beer polyphenols on vascular cells. J Cell Biochem 12-1-2010;111:1270-1279. View abstract.
- Minich, D. M., Lerman, R. H., Darland, G., Babish, J. G., Pacioretty, L. M., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Hop and Acacia Phytochemicals Decreased Lipotoxicity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes, db/db Mice, and Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome. J Nutr Metab 2010;2010 View abstract.
- Salter, S. and Brownie, S. Treating primary insomnia - the efficacy of valerian and hops. Aust.Fam.Physician 2010;39:433-437. View abstract.
- Cornu, C., Remontet, L., Noel-Baron, F., Nicolas, A., Feugier-Favier, N., Roy, P., Claustrat, B., Saadatian-Elahi, M., and Kassai, B. A dietary supplement to improve the quality of sleep: a randomized placebo controlled trial. BMC.Complement Altern Med 2010;10:29. View abstract.
- Bolca, S., Li, J., Nikolic, D., Roche, N., Blondeel, P., Possemiers, S., De, Keukeleire D., Bracke, M., Heyerick, A., van Breemen, R. B., and Depypere, H. Disposition of hop prenylflavonoids in human breast tissue. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54 Suppl 2:S284-S294. View abstract.
- Radovic, B., Hussong, R., Gerhauser, C., Meinl, W., Frank, N., Becker, H., and Kohrle, J. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops, modulates hepatic expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone distribution and metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54 Suppl 2:S225-S235. View abstract.
- Philips, N., Samuel, M., Arena, R., Chen, Y. J., Conte, J., Natarajan, P., Haas, G., and Gonzalez, S. Direct inhibition of elastase and matrixmetalloproteinases and stimulation of biosynthesis of fibrillar collagens, elastin, and fibrillins by xanthohumol. J Cosmet.Sci 2010;61:125-132. View abstract.
- Strathmann, J., Klimo, K., Sauer, S. W., Okun, J. G., Prehn, J. H., and Gerhauser, C. Xanthohumol-induced transient superoxide anion radical formation triggers cancer cells into apoptosis via a mitochondria-mediated mechanism. FASEB J 2010;24:2938-2950. View abstract.
- Peluso, M. R., Miranda, C. L., Hobbs, D. J., Proteau, R. R., and Stevens, J. F. Xanthohumol and related prenylated flavonoids inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated THP-1 monocytes: structure-activity relationships and in silico binding to myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). Planta Med 2010;76:1536-1543. View abstract.
- Erkkola, R., Vervarcke, S., Vansteelandt, S., Rompotti, P., De, Keukeleire D., and Heyerick, A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Phytomedicine. 2010;17:389-396. View abstract.
- Chiummariello, S., De, Gado F., Monarca, C., Ruggiero, M., Carlesimo, B., Scuderi, N., and Alfano, C. [Multicentric study on a topical compound with lymph-draining action in the treatment of the phlebostatic ulcer of the inferior limbs]. G.Chir 2009;30(11-12):497-501. View abstract.
- Dorn, C., Kraus, B., Motyl, M., Weiss, T. S., Gehrig, M., Scholmerich, J., Heilmann, J., and Hellerbrand, C. Xanthohumol, a chalcon derived from hops, inhibits hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54 Suppl 2:S205-S213. View abstract.
- Dorn, C., Weiss, T. S., Heilmann, J., and Hellerbrand, C. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived from hops, inhibits proliferation, migration and interleukin-8 expression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2010;36:435-441. View abstract.
- Hartkorn, A., Hoffmann, F., Ajamieh, H., Vogel, S., Heilmann, J., Gerbes, A. L., Vollmar, A. M., and Zahler, S. Antioxidant effects of xanthohumol and functional impact on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Nat Prod 2009;72:1741-1747. View abstract.
- Zhang, N., Liu, Z., Han, Q., Chen, J., and Lv, Y. Xanthohumol enhances antiviral effect of interferon alpha-2b against bovine viral diarrhea virus, a surrogate of hepatitis C virus. Phytomedicine. 2010;17:310-316. View abstract.
- Dumas, E. R., Michaud, A. E., Bergeron, C., Lafrance, J. L., Mortillo, S., and Gafner, S. Deodorant effects of a supercritical hops extract: antibacterial activity against Corynebacterium xerosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis and efficacy testing of a hops/zinc ricinoleate stick in humans through the sensory evaluation of axillary deodorancy. J Cosmet.Dermatol 2009;8:197-204. View abstract.
- Caballero, I., Agut, M., Armentia, A., and Blanco, C. A. Importance of tetrahydroiso alpha-acids to the microbiological stability of beer. J AOAC Int 2009;92:1160-1164. View abstract.
- Konda, V. R., Desai, A., Darland, G., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Rho iso-alpha acids from hops inhibit the GSK-3/NF-kappaB pathway and reduce inflammatory markers associated with bone and cartilage degradation. J Inflamm.(Lond) 2009;6:26. View abstract.
- Van, Cleemput M., Heyerick, A., Libert, C., Swerts, K., Philippe, J., De, Keukeleire D., Haegeman, G., and De, Bosscher K. Hop bitter acids efficiently block inflammation independent of GRalpha, PPARalpha, or PPARgamma. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009;53:1143-1155. View abstract.
- Lupinacci, E., Meijerink, J., Vincken, J. P., Gabriele, B., Gruppen, H., and Witkamp, R. F. Xanthohumol from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an efficient inhibitor of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and U937 human monocytes. J Agric Food Chem 8-26-2009;57:7274-7281. View abstract.
- Ross, S. M. Sleep disorders: a single dose administration of valerian/hops fluid extract (dormeasan) is found to be effective in improving sleep. Holist.Nurs Pract 2009;23:253-256. View abstract.
- Zanoli, P., Zavatti, M., Rivasi, M., Benelli, A., Avallone, R., and Baraldi, M. Experimental evidence of the anaphrodisiac activity of Humulus lupulus L. in naive male rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 8-17-2009;125:36-40. View abstract.
- Gao, X., Deeb, D., Liu, Y., Gautam, S., Dulchavsky, S. A., and Gautam, S. C. Immunomodulatory activity of xanthohumol: inhibition of T cell proliferation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity and Th1 cytokine production through suppression of NF-kappaB. Immunopharmacol.Immunotoxicol. 2009;31:477-484. View abstract.
- Chung, W. G., Miranda, C. L., Stevens, J. F., and Maier, C. S. Hop proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis, protein carbonylation, and cytoskeleton disorganization in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:827-836. View abstract.
- Yamaguchi, N., Satoh-Yamaguchi, K., and Ono, M. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, anticollagenase, and antioxidant activities of hop components (Humulus lupulus) addressing acne vulgaris. Phytomedicine. 2009;16:369-376. View abstract.
- Hall, A. J., Babish, J. G., Darland, G. K., Carroll, B. J., Konda, V. R., Lerman, R. H., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Safety, efficacy and anti-inflammatory activity of rho iso-alpha-acids from hops. Phytochemistry 2008;69:1534-1547. View abstract.
- Schiller, H., Forster, A., Vonhoff, C., Hegger, M., Biller, A., and Winterhoff, H. Sedating effects of Humulus lupulus L. extracts. Phytomedicine. 2006;13:535-541. View abstract.
- Morali, G., Polatti, F., Metelitsa, E. N., Mascarucci, P., Magnani, P., and Marre, G. B. Open, non-controlled clinical studies to assess the efficacy and safety of a medical device in form of gel topically and intravaginally used in postmenopausal women with genital atrophy. Arzneimittelforschung 2006;56:230-238. View abstract.
- Heyerick, A., Vervarcke, S., Depypere, H., Bracke, M., and De Keukeleire, D. A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Maturitas 5-20-2006;54:164-175. View abstract.
- Chadwick, L. R., Nikolic, D., Burdette, J. E., Overk, C. R., Bolton, J. L., van Breemen, R. B., Frohlich, R., Fong, H. H., Farnsworth, N. R., and Pauli, G. F. Estrogens and congeners from spent hops (Humulus lupulus). J Nat.Prod. 2004;67:2024-2032. View abstract.
- Skorska, C., Mackiewicz, B., Gora, A., Golec, M., and Dutkiewicz, J. Health effects of inhalation exposure to organic dust in hops farmers. Ann.Univ Mariae.Curie Sklodowska [Med] 2003;58:459-465. View abstract.
- Yajima, H., Ikeshima, E., Shiraki, M., Kanaya, T., Fujiwara, D., Odai, H., Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N., Ezaki, O., Oikawa, S., and Kondo, K. Isohumulones, bitter acids derived from hops, activate both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma and reduce insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 8-6-2004;279:33456-33462. View abstract.
- Simpson, W. J. and Smith, A. R. Factors affecting antibacterial activity of hop compounds and their derivatives. J Appl Bacteriol. 1992;72:327-334. View abstract.
- Langezaal, C. R., Chandra, A., and Scheffer, J. J. Antimicrobial screening of essential oils and extracts of some Humulus lupulus L. cultivars. Pharm Weekbl Sci 12-11-1992;14:353-356. View abstract.
- Stevens, J. F., Miranda, C. L., Frei, B., and Buhler, D. R. Inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated LDL oxidation by prenylated flavonoids: the alpha,beta-unsaturated keto functionality of 2'-hydroxychalcones as a novel antioxidant pharmacophore. Chem Res Toxicol 2003;16:1277-1286. View abstract.
- Mannering, G. J., Shoeman, J. A., and Deloria, L. B. Identification of the antibiotic hops component, colupulone, as an inducer of hepatic cytochrome P-4503A in the mouse. Drug Metab Dispos 1992;20:142-147. View abstract.
- Miranda, C. L., Yang, Y. H., Henderson, M. C., Stevens, J. F., Santana-Rios, G., Deinzer, M. L., and Buhler, D. R. Prenylflavonoids from hops inhibit the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4, 5- f]quinoline, mediated by cDNA-expressed human CYP1A2. Drug Metab Dispos 2000;28:1297-1302. View abstract.
- Sun J. Morning/evening menopausal formula relieves menopausal symptoms: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med 2003;9:403-9. View abstract.
- Swanston-Flatt, S. K., Day, C., Flatt, P. R., Gould, B. J., and Bailey, C. J. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res 1989;10:69-73. View abstract.
- Shou, C., Li, J., and Liu, Z. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Chin J Integr Med 2011;17:883-888. View abstract.
- Holick, M. F., Lamb, J. J., Lerman, R. H., Konda, V. R., Darland, G., Minich, D. M., Desai, A., Chen, T. C., Austin, M., Kornberg, J., Chang, J. L., Hsi, A., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 favorably impact biomarkers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women in a 14-week trial. J Bone Miner.Metab 2010;28:342-350. View abstract.
- Possemiers, S., Bolca, S., Grootaert, C., Heyerick, A., Decroos, K., Dhooge, W., De, Keukeleire D., Rabot, S., Verstraete, W., and Van de Wiele, T. The prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is activated into the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin in vitro and in the human intestine. J Nutr 2006;136:1862-1867. View abstract.
- Stevens, J. F. and Page, J. E. Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health! Phytochemistry 2004;65:1317-1330. View abstract.
- Weeks, B. S. Formulations of dietary supplements and herbal extracts for relaxation and anxiolytic action: Relarian. Med Sci Monit. 2009;15:RA256-RA262. View abstract.
- Müller-Limmroth W, Ehrenstein W. [Experimental studies of the effects of Seda-Kneipp on the sleep of sleep disturbed subjects; implications for the treatment of different sleep disturbances (author's transl)]. Med Klin. 1977 Jun 24;72:1119-25. View abstract.
- Schmitz M, Jäckel M. [Comparative study for assessing quality of life of patients with exogenous sleep disorders (temporary sleep onset and sleep interruption disorders) treated with a hops-valarian preparation and a benzodiazepine drug]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1998;148:291-8. View abstract.
- Dimpfel W, Suter A. Sleep improving effects of a single dose administration of a valerian/hops fluid extract - a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled sleep-EEG study in a parallel design using electrohypnograms. Eur J Med Res 2008;13:200-4. View abstract.
- Lindahl O, Lindwall L. Double blind study of a valerian preparation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1989 Apr;32:1065-6. View abstract.
- Koetter U, Schrader E, Käufeler R, et al. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a fixed valerian hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in patients suffering from non-organic sleep disorder. Phytother Res 2007;21:847-51. View abstract.
- Lukaczer D, Darland G, Tripp M, et al. A pilot trial evaluating Meta050, a proprietary combination of reduced iso-alpha acids, rosemary extract and oleanolic acid in patients with arthritis and fibromyalgia. Phytother Res 2005;19:864-9. View abstract.
- Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, et al. Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep 2005;28:1465-71. View abstract.
- Colgate EC, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, et al. Xanthohumol, a prenylflavonoid derived from hops induces apoptosis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in prostate epithelial cells. Cancer Lett 2007;246:201-9. View abstract.
- Monteiro R, Becker H, Azevedo I, Calhau C. Effect of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids on aromatase (estrogen synthase) activity. Agric Food Chem 2006;54:2938-43. View abstract.
- Nozawa H. Xanthohumol, the chalcone from beer hops (Humulus lupulus L.), is the ligand for farnesoid X receptor and ameliorates lipid and glucose metabolism in KK-A(y) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;336:754-61. View abstract.
- Overk CR, Yao P, Chadwick LR, et al. Comparison of the in vitro estrogenic activities of compounds from hops (Humulus lupulus) and red clover (Trifolium pratense). J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:6246-53. View abstract.
- Henderson MC, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, et al. In vitro inhibition of human P450 enzymes by prenylated flavonoids from hops, Humulus lupulus. Xenobiotica 2000;30:235-51.. View abstract.
- Milligan SR, Kalita JC, Pocock V, et al. The endocrine activities of 8-prenylnaringenin and related hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4912-5.. View abstract.
- Milligan SR, Kalita JC, Heyerick A, et al. Identification of a potent phytoestrogen in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2249-52.. View abstract.
- Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Helmrich A, et al. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus) in human cancer cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:271-85.. View abstract.
- Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, et al. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49:2472-9.. View abstract.
- Dixon-Shanies D, Shaikh N. Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by herbs and phytoestrogens. Oncol Rep 1999;6:1383-7.. View abstract.
- Leathwood PD, Chauffard F, Heck E, Munoz-Box R. Aqueous extract of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L.) improves sleep quality in man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982;17:65-71. View abstract.
- Eagon PK, Elm MS, Hunter DS, et al. Medicinal herbs: modulation of estrogen action. Era of Hope Mtg, Dept Defense; Breast Cancer Res Prog, Atlanta, GA 2000;Jun 8-11.
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
- Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M. Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998;217:369-78. View abstract.
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.