Skip navigation

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Dirección de esta página: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/druginfo/natural/313.html

Biotina

¿Qué es?

La biotina (vitamina B7) es una vitamina que se encuentra en alimentos como huevos, leche y plátanos. La deficiencia de biotina puede causar adelgazamiento del cabello y sarpullido en la cara.

La biotina es una parte importante de las enzimas del cuerpo que descomponen sustancias como grasas, carbohidratos y otras. No existe una buena prueba para detectar niveles bajos de biotina, por lo que generalmente se identifica por sus síntomas, que incluyen adelgazamiento del cabello y sarpullido rojo y escamoso alrededor de los ojos, la nariz y la boca.

La biotina se usa para la deficiencia de biotina. También se usa comúnmente para la caída del cabello, las uñas quebradizas y otras afecciones, pero no existe una buena evidencia científica que respalde estos usos. Los suplementos de biotina pueden interferir con algunas pruebas de laboratorio. Hable con su médico si está tomando suplementos de biotina y necesita hacerse análisis de sangre.

¿Qué tan efectivo es?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación.

La clasificación de la eficacia para este producto es la siguiente:

Probablemente eficaz para...

  • Deficiencia de biotina. La ingesta de biotina por vía oral o mediante una inyección puede tratar y prevenir los niveles bajos de biotina en sangre. Se han utilizado hasta 10 mg de biotina por vía oral al día para tratar y prevenir la deficiencia. Solo un proveedor de atención médica puede administrar una inyección de biotina.

Posiblemente ineficaz para...

  • Esclerosis múltiple (EM). La ingesta de biotina en dosis altas no reduce la discapacidad en personas con EM. Tampoco parece afectar el riesgo de recaída.
  • Piel áspera y escamosa en el cuero cabelludo y la cara (dermatitis seborreica). La ingesta de biotina no parece ayudar a mejorar la erupción en los bebés.
Existe interés en usar biotina para otros propósitos, pero no hay suficiente información confiable para decir si podría ser útil.

¿Es seguro?

Cuando se toma por vía oral: Es probable que la biotina sea segura para la mayoría de las personas cuando se toma en dosis de hasta 300 mg al día durante un máximo de 6 meses. Pero se usa más comúnmente en dosis más bajas de 2.5 mg al día.

Cuando se aplica sobre la piel: La biotina probablemente sea segura para la mayoría de las personas cuando se aplica en productos cosméticos que contienen hasta un 0.6% de biotina.

Advertencias y precauciones especiales:

Embarazo y lactancia: Es probable que la biotina sea segura cuando se usa en las cantidades recomendadas durante el embarazo y la lactancia.

Niños: Es probable que la biotina sea segura cuando se toma por vía oral. Se ha utilizado de forma segura en dosis de 5 a 25 mcg al día.

Una condición hereditaria en la que el cuerpo no puede procesar la biotina (deficiencia de biotinidasa): Las personas con esta condición pueden tener niveles bajos de biotina y pueden necesitar un suplemento de biotina.

Diálisis renal: Las personas que reciben diálisis renal pueden tener niveles bajos de biotina y pueden necesitar un suplemento de biotina.

Fumar: Las personas que fuman pueden tener niveles bajos de biotina y pueden necesitar un suplemento de biotina.

Pruebas de laboratorio: La ingesta de suplementos de biotina puede interferir con los resultados de muchas pruebas de laboratorio de sangre diferentes. La biotina puede causar resultados de prueba falsamente altos o falsamente bajos. Esto puede dar lugar a diagnósticos incorrectos o perdidos. Informe a su médico si está tomando suplementos de biotina, especialmente si le harán análisis de laboratorio. Es posible que deba dejar de tomar biotina antes de su análisis de sangre. La mayoría de los multivitamínicos contienen dosis bajas de biotina, que es poco probable que interfieran con los análisis de sangre. Pero hable con su médico para estar seguro.

¿Existen interacciones con medicamentos?

No se sabe si este producto interactúa con algún medicamento.

Si está tomando medicamentos, converse con su proveedor de atención médica antes de empezar a tomar este producto.

¿Existen interacciones con hierbas y suplementos?

Ácido alfa lipoico
Tomar ácido alfa lipoico y biotina juntos puede reducir la absorción de ácido alfa lipoico y biotina en el cuerpo.
Vitamina B5 (ácido pantoténico)
Tomar biotina y vitamina B5 juntas puede reducir la absorción de biotina y vitamina B5 en el cuerpo.

¿Existen interacciones con alimentos?

Comer 2 o más claras de huevo crudas al día durante varios meses puede causar deficiencia de biotina. Las claras de huevo crudas se unen a la biotina en el estómago y evitan que el cuerpo la absorba.

¿Como se usa normalmente?

Se encuentran pequeñas cantidades de biotina en alimentos como huevos, leche y plátanos. Se recomienda que los adultos consuman 30 mcg al día. Se debe consumir la misma cantidad durante el embarazo. Durante la lactancia, se deben consumir 35 mcg al día. Las cantidades recomendadas para niños dependen de la edad. Hable con un proveedor de atención médica para averiguar qué dosis podría ser la mejor para una condición específica.

Otros nombres

Biotine, Biotine-D, Coenzyme R, D-Biotin, Vitamin B7, Vitamin H, Vitamine B7, Vitamine H, W Factor, Cis-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]-imidazole-4-valeric Acid.

Metodología

Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales.

Referencias

  1. Valentim FO, Miola AC, Miot HA, Schmitt JV. Efficacy of 5% topical minoxidil versus 5?mg oral biotin versus topical minoxidil and oral biotin on hair growth in men: randomized, crossover, clinical trial. An Bras Dermatol 2024;99:581-584. View abstract.
  2. James A, Stalan J, Kuzhively J. Biotin induced biochemical hyperthyroidism: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2023;17:266. View abstract.
  3. Shimmaru K, Inami M, Hamaoka A, et al. Elevated free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine probably caused by high-dose biotin intake in a patient with Graves' disease: a case report. Endocr J 2023;70:833-837. View abstract.
  4. Samadi A, Ketabi Y, Firooz R, Firooz A. Efficacy of intramuscular injections of biotin and dexpanthenol in the treatment of diffuse hair loss: A randomized, double-blind controlled study comparing two brands. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35:e15695. View abstract.
  5. Takahashi N, Shoji H, Arai H, et al. Effect of biotin supplementation in infant formula: A multi-center study in Japan. Pediatr Int 2023;65:e15359. View abstract.
  6. Zhang Y, Ding Y, Fan Y, et al. Influence of biotin intervention on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022;9:1046800. View abstract.
  7. Scheib N, Bauersachs D, Pogorelov D, et al. Biotin interference can cause false-negative specific IgE results in patients with anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10:2459-2462.e2. View abstract.
  8. Garbers LEFM, Miola AC, Dias PCR, Miot LDB, Miot HA, Schmitt JV. Efficacy of 2.5 mg oral biotin versus 5% topical minoxidil in increasing nail growth rate. Exp Dermatol. 2021 Mar 4. View abstract.
  9. Mathais S, Moisset X, Pereira B, et al. Relapses in patients treated with high-dose biotin for progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2020 Sep 22. View abstract.
  10. Cree BAC, Cutter G, Wolinsky JS, et al. Safety and efficacy of MD1003 (high-dose biotin) in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (SPI2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020.
  11. Li D, Ferguson A, Cervinski MA, Lynch KL, Kyle PB. AACC Guidance Document on Biotin Interference in Laboratory Tests. J Appl Lab Med. 2020;5:575-587. View abstract.
  12. Kodani M, Poe A, Drobeniuc J, Mixson-Hayden T. Determination of potential biotin interference on accuracy of results of serologic assays for various viral hepatitis markers. J Med Virol. View abstract.
  13. Branger P, Parienti JJ, Derache N, Kassis N, Assouad R, Maillart E, Defer G. Relapses During High-Dose Biotin Treatment in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: a Case-Crossover and Propensity Score-Adjusted Prospective Cohort. Neurotherapeutics. 2020. View abstract.
  14. Tourbah A, Lebrun-Frenay C, Edan G, et al. MD1003 (High-Dose Biotin) for the Treatment of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Mult Scler. 2016;22:1719-1731. View abstract.
  15. Juntas-Morales R, Pageot N, Bendarraz A, et al. High-dose pharmaceutical grade biotin (MD1003) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A pilot study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;19:100254. View abstract.
  16. Demas A, Cochin JP, Hardy C, Vaschalde Y, Bourre B, Labauge P. Tardive Reactivation of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis During Treatment with Biotin. Neurol Ther. 2019;9:181-185. View abstract.
  17. Couloume L, Barbin L, Leray E, et al. High-dose biotin in progressive multiple sclerosis: A prospective study of 178 patients in routine clinical practice. Mult Scler. 2019:1352458519894713. View abstract.
  18. Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 - Cobas. Roche Diagnostics GmbH. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/137605/download.
  19. Trambas CM, Sikaris KA, Lu ZX. A caution regarding high-dose biotin therapy: misdiagnosis of hyperthyroidism in euthyroid patients. Med J Aust. 2016;205:192. View abstract.
  20. Sedel F, Papeix C, Bellanger A, Touitou V, Lebrun-Frenay C, Galanaud D, et al. High doses of biotin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4:159-69. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.01.005.View abstract.
  21. Tabarki B, Alfadhel M, AlShahwan S, Hundallah K, AlShafi S, AlHashem A. Treatment of biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease: open comparative study between the combination of biotin plus thiamine versus thiamine alone. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015;19:547-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.05.008. View abstract.
  22. The FDA Warns that Biotin May Interfere with Lab Tests: FDA Safety Communication. https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm586505.htm. Updated November 28, 2017. Accessed November 28, 2017.
  23. Biscolla RPM, Chiamolera MI, Kanashiro I, Maciel RMB, Vieira JGH. A Single 10?mg Oral Dose of Biotin Interferes with Thyroid Function Tests. Thyroid 2017;27:1099-1100. View abstract.
  24. Piketty ML, Prie D, Sedel F, et al. High-dose biotin therapy leading to false biochemical endocrine profiles: validation of a simple method to overcome biotin interference. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017;55:817-25. View abstract.
  25. Trambas CM, Sikaris KA, Lu ZX. More on Biotin Treatment Mimicking Graves' Disease. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1698. View abstract.
  26. Elston MS, Sehgal S, Du Toit S, Yarndley T, Conaglen JV. Factitious Graves' disease due to biotin immunoassay interference-a case and review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:3251-5. View abstract.
  27. Kummer S, Hermsen D, Distelmaier F. Biotin treatment mimicking Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 2016;375:704-6. View abstract.
  28. Barbesino G. Misdiagnosis of Graves' disease with apparent severe hyperthyroidism in a patient taking biotin megadoses. Thyroid 2016;26:860-3. View abstract.
  29. Sulaiman RA. Biotin treatment causing erroneous immunoassay results: A word of caution for clinicians. Drug Discov Ther 2016;10:338-9. View abstract.
  30. Bülow Pedersen I, Laurberg P. Biochemical Hyperthyroidism in a Newborn Baby Caused by Assay Interaction from Biotin Intake. Eur Thyroid J 2016;5:212-15. View abstract.
  31. Minkovsky A, Lee MN, Dowlatshahi M, et al. High-dose biotin treatment for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis may interfere with thyroid assays. AACE Clin Case Rep 2016;2:e370-e373. View abstract.
  32. Oguma S, Ando I, Hirose T, et al. Biotin ameliorates muscle cramps of hemodialysis patients: a prospective trial. Tohoku J Exp Med 2012;227:217-23. View abstract.
  33. Waghray A, Milas M, Nyalakonda K, Siperstein AE. Falsely low parathyroid hormone secondary to biotin interference: a case series. Endocr Pract 2013;19:451-5. View abstract.
  34. Kwok JS, Chan IH, Chan MH. Biotin interference on TSH and free thyroid hormone measurement. Pathology. 2012;44:278-80. View abstract.
  35. Vadlapudi AD, Vadlapatla RK, Mitra AK. Sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT): a potential target for drug delivery. Curr Drug Targets 2012;13:994-1003. View abstract.
  36. Pacheco-Alvarez D, Solórzano-Vargas RS, Del Río AL. Biotin in Metabolism and Its Relationship to Human Disease. Arch Med Res 2002;33:439-47. View abstract.
  37. Sydenstricker, V. P., Singal, S. A., Briggs, A. P., Devaughn, N. M., and Isbell, H. Observations on the "egg white injury" in man and its cure with biotin concentrate. J Am Med Assn 1942;:199-200.
  38. Ozand, P. T., Gascon, G. G., Al Essa, M., Joshi, S., Al Jishi, E., Bakheet, S., Al Watban, J., Al Kawi, M. Z., and Dabbagh, O. Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease: a novel entity. Brain 1998;121 ( Pt 7):1267-1279. View abstract.
  39. Wallace, J. C., Jitrapakdee, S., and Chapman-Smith, A. Pyruvate carboxylase. Int J Biochem.Cell Biol. 1998;30:1-5. View abstract.
  40. Zempleni, J., Green, G. M., Spannagel, A. W., and Mock, D. M. Biliary excretion of biotin and biotin metabolites is quantitatively minor in rats and pigs. J Nutr. 1997;127:1496-1500. View abstract.
  41. Zempleni, J., McCormick, D. B., and Mock, D. M. Identification of biotin sulfone, bisnorbiotin methyl ketone, and tetranorbiotin-l-sulfoxide in human urine. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1997;65:508-511. View abstract.
  42. van der Knaap, M. S., Jakobs, C., and Valk, J. Magnetic resonance imaging in lactic acidosis. J Inherit.Metab Dis. 1996;19:535-547. View abstract.
  43. Shriver, B. J., Roman-Shriver, C., and Allred, J. B. Depletion and repletion of biotinyl enzymes in liver of biotin-deficient rats: evidence of a biotin storage system. J Nutr. 1993;123:1140-1149. View abstract.
  44. McMurray, D. N. Cell-mediated immunity in nutritional deficiency. Prog.Food Nutr.Sci 1984;8(3-4):193-228. View abstract.
  45. Ammann, A. J. New insight into the causes of immunodeficiency disorders. J Am.Acad.Dermatol. 1984;11(4 Pt 1):653-660. View abstract.
  46. Petrelli, F., Moretti, P., and Paparelli, M. Intracellular distribution of biotin-14COOH in rat liver. Mol.Biol.Rep. 2-15-1979;4:247-252. View abstract.
  47. Zlotkin, S. H., Stallings, V. A., and Pencharz, P. B. Total parenteral nutrition in children. Pediatr.Clin.North Am. 1985;32:381-400. View abstract.
  48. Bowman, B. B., Selhub, J., and Rosenberg, I. H. Intestinal absorption of biotin in the rat. J Nutr. 1986;116:1266-1271. View abstract.
  49. Magnuson, N. S. and Perryman, L. E. Metabolic defects in severe combined immunodeficiency in man and animals. Comp Biochem.Physiol B 1986;83:701-710. View abstract.
  50. Nyhan, W. L. Inborn errors of biotin metabolism. Arch.Dermatol. 1987;123:1696-1698a. View abstract.
  51. Sweetman, L. and Nyhan, W. L. Inheritable biotin-treatable disorders and associated phenomena. Annu.Rev.Nutr. 1986;6:317-343. View abstract.
  52. Brenner, S. and Horwitz, C. Possible nutrient mediators in psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis. II. Nutrient mediators: essential fatty acids; vitamins A, E and D; vitamins B1, B2, B6, niacin and biotin; vitamin C selenium; zinc; iron. World Rev.Nutr.Diet. 1988;55:165-182. View abstract.
  53. Miller, S. J. Nutritional deficiency and the skin. J Am.Acad.Dermatol. 1989;21:1-30. View abstract.
  54. Michalski, A. J., Berry, G. T., and Segal, S. Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency: 9-year follow-up of a patient on chronic biotin therapy and a review of the literature. J Inherit.Metab Dis. 1989;12:312-316. View abstract.
  55. Colombo, V. E., Gerber, F., Bronhofer, M., and Floersheim, G. L. Treatment of brittle fingernails and onychoschizia with biotin: scanning electron microscopy. J Am.Acad.Dermatol. 1990;23(6 Pt 1):1127-1132. View abstract.
  56. Daniells, S. and Hardy, G. Hair loss in long-term or home parenteral nutrition: are micronutrient deficiencies to blame? Curr.Opin.Clin.Nutr.Metab Care 2010;13:690-697. View abstract.
  57. Wolf, B. Clinical issues and frequent questions about biotinidase deficiency. Mol.Genet.Metab 2010;100:6-13. View abstract.
  58. Zempleni, J., Hassan, Y. I., and Wijeratne, S. S. Biotin and biotinidase deficiency. Expert.Rev.Endocrinol.Metab 11-1-2008;3:715-724. View abstract.
  59. Tsao, C. Y. Current trends in the treatment of infantile spasms. Neuropsychiatr.Dis.Treat. 2009;5:289-299. View abstract.
  60. Sedel, F., Lyon-Caen, O., and Saudubray, J. M. [Treatable hereditary neuro-metabolic diseases]. Rev.Neurol.(Paris) 2007;163:884-896. View abstract.
  61. Sydenstricker, V. P., Singal, S. A., Briggs, A. P., Devaughn, N. M., and Isbell, H. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON "EGG WHITE INJURY" IN MAN AND ITS CURE WITH A BIOTIN CONCENTRATE. Science 2-13-1942;95:176-177. View abstract.
  62. Scheinfeld, N., Dahdah, M. J., and Scher, R. Vitamins and minerals: their role in nail health and disease. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:782-787. View abstract.
  63. Spector, R. and Johanson, C. E. Vitamin transport and homeostasis in mammalian brain: focus on Vitamins B and E. J Neurochem. 2007;103:425-438. View abstract.
  64. Mock, D. M. Skin manifestations of biotin deficiency. Semin.Dermatol. 1991;10:296-302. View abstract.
  65. Bolander, F. F. Vitamins: not just for enzymes. Curr.Opin.Investig.Drugs 2006;7:912-915. View abstract.
  66. Prasad, A. N. and Seshia, S. S. Status epilepticus in pediatric practice: neonate to adolescent. Adv.Neurol. 2006;97:229-243. View abstract.
  67. Wilson, C. J., Myer, M., Darlow, B. A., Stanley, T., Thomson, G., Baumgartner, E. R., Kirby, D. M., and Thorburn, D. R. Severe holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency with incomplete biotin responsiveness resulting in antenatal insult in samoan neonates. J Pediatr. 2005;147:115-118. View abstract.
  68. Mock, D. M. Marginal biotin deficiency is teratogenic in mice and perhaps humans: a review of biotin deficiency during human pregnancy and effects of biotin deficiency on gene expression and enzyme activities in mouse dam and fetus. J Nutr.Biochem. 2005;16:435-437. View abstract.
  69. Fernandez-Mejia, C. Pharmacological effects of biotin. J Nutr.Biochem. 2005;16:424-427. View abstract.
  70. Dakshinamurti, K. Biotin--a regulator of gene expression. J Nutr.Biochem. 2005;16:419-423. View abstract.
  71. Zeng, W. Q., Al Yamani, E., Acierno, J. S., Jr., Slaugenhaupt, S., Gillis, T., MacDonald, M. E., Ozand, P. T., and Gusella, J. F. Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease maps to 2q36.3 and is due to mutations in SLC19A3. Am.J Hum.Genet. 2005;77:16-26. View abstract.
  72. Baumgartner, M. R. Molecular mechanism of dominant expression in 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency. J Inherit.Metab Dis. 2005;28:301-309. View abstract.
  73. Pacheco-Alvarez, D., Solorzano-Vargas, R. S., Gravel, R. A., Cervantes-Roldan, R., Velazquez, A., and Leon-Del-Rio, A. Paradoxical regulation of biotin utilization in brain and liver and implications for inherited multiple carboxylase deficiency. J Biol Chem. 12-10-2004;279:52312-52318. View abstract.
  74. Snodgrass, S. R. Vitamin neurotoxicity. Mol.Neurobiol. 1992;6:41-73. View abstract.
  75. Campistol, J. [Convulsions and epileptic syndromes of the newborn infant. Forms of presentation, study and treatment protocols]. Rev.Neurol. 10-1-2000;31:624-631. View abstract.
  76. Narisawa, K. [Molecular basis of vitamin-responsive inborn errors of metabolism]. Nippon Rinsho 1999;57:2301-2306. View abstract.
  77. Furukawa, Y. [Enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion and modification of glucose metabolism by biotin]. Nippon Rinsho 1999;57:2261-2269. View abstract.
  78. Zempleni, J. and Mock, D. M. Advanced analysis of biotin metabolites in body fluids allows a more accurate measurement of biotin bioavailability and metabolism in humans. J Nutr. 1999;129(2S Suppl):494S-497S. View abstract.
  79. Hymes, J. and Wolf, B. Human biotinidase isn't just for recycling biotin. J Nutr. 1999;129(2S Suppl):485S-489S. View abstract.
  80. Zempleni J, Mock DM. Biotin biochemistry and human requirements. J Nutr Biochem. 1999 Mar;10:128-38. View abstract.
  81. Eakin RE, Snell EE, and Williams RJ. Concentrationand assay of avidin, injury-producing agents in raw egg white. J Biol Chem. 1941;:535-43.
  82. Spencer RP and Brody KR. Biotin transport by small intestine of rat, hamster, and other species. Am J Physiol. 1964 Mar;206:653-7. View abstract.
  83. Zempleni J, Wijeratne SS, Hassan YI. Biotin. Biofactors. 2009 Jan-Feb;35:36-46. View abstract.
  84. Green NM. Avidin. 1. The use of (14-C)biotin for kinetic studies and for assay. Biochem. J. 1963;89:585-591. View abstract.
  85. Rodriguez-Melendez R, Griffin JB, Zempleni J. Biotin supplementation increases expression of the cytochrome P450 1B1 gene in Jurkat cells, increasing the occurrence of single-stranded DNA breaks. J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134:2222-8. View abstract.
  86. Grundy WE, Freed M, Johnson H.C., et al. The effect of phthalylsulfathiazole (sulfathalidine) on the excretion of B-vitamins by normal adults. Arch Biochem. 1947 Nov;15:187-94. View abstract.
  87. Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Nov;74:657-63. View abstract.
  88. Roth K.S. Biotin in clinical medicine--a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Sep;34:1967-74. View abstract.
  89. Fiume MZ. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of biotin. Int J Toxicol. 2001;20 Suppl 4:1-12. View abstract.
  90. Geohas J, Daly A, Juturu V, et al. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Am J Med Sci. 2007 Mar;333:145-53. View abstract.
  91. Ebek, Inc. issues voluntary nationwide recall of Liviro3, a product marketed as a dietary supplement. Ebek Press Release, January 19, 2007. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/oc/po/firmrecalls/ebek01_07.html.
  92. Singer GM, Geohas J. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8:636-43. View abstract.
  93. Rathman SC, Eisenschenk S, McMahon RJ. The abundance and function of biotin-dependent enzymes are reduced in rats chronically administered carbamazepine. J Nutr 2002;132:3405-10. View abstract.
  94. Mock DM, Dyken ME. Biotin catabolism is accelerated in adults receiving long-term therapy with anticonvulsants. Neurology 1997;49:1444-7. View abstract.
  95. Albarracin C, Fuqua B, Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008;24:41-51. View abstract.
  96. Geohas J, Finch M, Juturu V, et al. Improvement in Fasting Blood Glucose with the Combination of Chromium Picolinate and Biotin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. American Diabetes Association 64th Annual Meeting, June 2004, Orlando, Florida, abstract 191-OR.
  97. Mock DM, Dyken ME. Biotin deficiency results from long-term therapy with anticonvulsants (abstract). Gastroenterology 1995;108:A740.
  98. Krause KH, Berlit P, Bonjour JP. Vitamin status in patients on chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1982;52:375-85. View abstract.
  99. Krause KH, Kochen W, Berlit P, Bonjour JP. Excretion of organic acids associated with biotin deficiency in chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1984;54:217-22. View abstract.
  100. Sealey WM, Teague AM, Stratton SL, Mock DM. Smoking accelerates biotin catabolism in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:932-5. View abstract.
  101. Mock NI, Malik MI, Stumbo PJ, et al. Increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and decreased urinary excretion of biotin are sensitive early indicators of decreased status in experimental biotin deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:951-8. View abstract.
  102. Baez-Saldana A, Zendejas-Ruiz I, Revilla-Monsalve C, et al. Effects of biotin on pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and markers for glucose and lipid homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:238-43. View abstract.
  103. Zempleni J, Mock DM. Bioavailability of biotin given orally to humans in pharmacologic doses. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:504-8. View abstract.
  104. Said HM. Biotin: the forgotten vitamin. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:179-80. View abstract.
  105. Keipert JA. Oral use of biotin in seborrhoeic dermatitis of infancy: a controlled trial. Med J Aust 1976;1:584-5. View abstract.
  106. Koutsikos D, Agroyannis B, Tzanatos-Exarchou H. Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 1990;44:511-4. View abstract.
  107. Coggeshall JC, Heggers JP, Robson MC, et al. Biotin status and plasma glucose in diabetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985;447:389-92.
  108. Zempleni J, Helm RM, Mock DM. In vivo biotin supplementation at a pharmacologic dose decreases proliferation rates of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cytokine release. J Nutr 2001;131:1479-84. View abstract.
  109. Mock DM, Quirk JG, Mock NI. Marginal biotin deficiency during normal pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:295-9. View abstract.
  110. Camacho FM, Garcia-Hernandez MJ. Zinc aspartate, biotin, and clobetasol propionate in the treatment of alopecia areata in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol 1999;16:336-8. View abstract.
  111. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309065542/html/.
  112. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:S43-5. View abstract.
  113. Debourdeau PM, Djezzar S, Estival JL, et al. Life-threatening eosinophilic pleuropericardial effusion related to vitamins B5 and H. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:424-6. View abstract.
  114. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
  115. Lininger SW. The Natural Pharmacy. 1st ed. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing; 1998.
  116. Mock DM, Mock NI, Nelson RP, Lombard KA. Disturbances in biotin metabolism in children undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy. J Pediatr Gastroentereol Nutr 1998;26:245-50. View abstract.
  117. Krause KH, Bonjour JP, Berlit P, Kochen W. Biotin status of epileptics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985;447:297-313. View abstract.
  118. Bonjour JP. Biotin in human nutrition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985;447:97-104. View abstract.
  119. Said HM, Redha R, Nylander W. Biotin transport in the human intestine: inhibition by anticonvulsant drugs. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:127-31. View abstract.
  120. Hochman LG, Scher RK, Meyerson MS. Brittle nails: response to daily biotin supplementation. Cutis 1993;51:303-5. View abstract.
  121. Henry JG, Sobki S, Afafat N. Interference by biotin therapy on measurement of TSH and FT4 by enzyme immunoassay on Boehringer Mannheim ES 700 analyzer. Ann Clin Biochem 1996;33:162-3. View abstract.
Documento revisado - 11/11/2024