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Dirección de esta página: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/druginfo/natural/1019.html

Pino Marítimo

¿Qué es?

Los pinos marítimos (Pinus pinaster) crecen en países del Mar Mediterráneo. Su corteza puede ser útil para el asma y mejorar la circulación de las piernas.

El pino marítimo contiene sustancias químicas que pueden mejorar el flujo sanguíneo, estimular el sistema inmunológico, reducir la hinchazón, prevenir infecciones y tener efectos antioxidantes. Los pinos marítimos que crecen en el suroeste de Francia se utilizan para fabricar Pycnogenol, el nombre de marca registrada de un extracto de corteza de pino marítimo específico.

El extracto de corteza de pino marítimo se usa para el asma, el colesterol alto, la disminución de la memoria, el TDAH y muchas otras afecciones, pero no existe una buena evidencia científica que respalde muchos de estos usos.

¿Qué tan efectivo es?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación.

La clasificación de la eficacia para este producto es la siguiente:

Posiblemente eficaz para...

  • Asma. La ingesta diaria de un extracto específico de corteza de pino marítimo (Pycnogenol), junto con medicamentos para el asma, parece disminuir los síntomas del asma y la necesidad de inhaladores de rescate en niños y adultos con asma. Tenga en cuenta que el extracto de corteza de pino marítimo no debe usarse en lugar de medicamentos para el asma.
  • Mala circulación que puede hacer que las piernas se hinchen (insuficiencia venosa crónica o IVC). La ingesta de un extracto de corteza de pino marítimo específico (Pycnogenol) parece reducir el dolor y la pesadez en las piernas, así como la hinchazón, en personas con problemas de circulación.
  • Artrosis. La ingesta de un extracto de corteza de pino marítimo específico (Pycnogenol) podría mejorar algunos síntomas de la osteoartritis de rodilla. También podría reducir la necesidad de analgésicos en algunas personas.

Posiblemente ineficaz para...

  • Colesterol alto. La ingesta de un extracto de corteza de pino marítimo específico (Pycnogenol) no reduce el colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL o "malo") en personas con colesterol alto.
Existe interés en utilizar la corteza de pino marítimo para otros fines, pero no hay suficiente información confiable para decir si podría ser útil.

¿Es seguro?

Cuando se toma por vía oral: Un extracto de corteza de pino marítimo específico (Pycnogenol) es posiblemente seguro cuando se toma en dosis de 50-450 mg al día durante hasta un año. Puede causar mareos y problemas estomacales en algunas personas.

Cuando se aplica sobre la piel: Un extracto de corteza de pino marítimo específico (Pycnogenol) es posiblemente seguro cuando se usa como crema por hasta 7 días o como polvo por hasta 6 semanas.

Advertencias y precauciones especiales:

Embarazo: Tomar un extracto de corteza de pino marítimo específico (Pycnogenol) posiblemente sea seguro cuando se usa al final del embarazo. Pero hasta que se sepa más, debe usarse con precaución o evitarse durante el embarazo.

Lactancia: No hay suficiente información confiable para saber si el pino marítimo es seguro de usar durante la lactancia. Manténgase en el lado seguro y evite su uso.

Niños: Un extracto de corteza de pino marítimo específico (Pycnogenol) posiblemente sea seguro para tomar por vía oral hasta por 3 meses en niños de 6 a 18 años de edad.

"Enfermedades autoinmunes" como la esclerosis múltiple (EM), el lupus (lupus eritematoso sistémico, LES), la artritis reumatoide (AR) u otras condiciones: El pino marítimo puede hacer que el sistema inmunológico se vuelva más activo y esto podría aumentar la síntomas de enfermedades autoinmunes. Si tiene una de estas condiciones, es mejor evitar el uso de pino marítimo.

Condiciones hemorrágicas: La ingesta de altas dosis de pino marítimo puede aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia en personas con enfermedades hemorrágicas.

Cirugía: El pino marítimo podría retardar la coagulación sanguínea y reducir el azúcar en sangre. Existe cierta preocupación de que pueda hacer que el nivel de azúcar en sangre baje demasiado y aumente la posibilidad de sangrado durante y después de la cirugía. Deje de usar pino marítimo al menos 2 semanas antes de una cirugía programada.

¿Existen interacciones con medicamentos?

Moderadas
Tenga cuidado con esta combinación
Medicamentos para la diabetes (medicamentos antidiabéticos)
El pino marítimo podría reducir los niveles de azúcar en sangre. La ingesta de pino marítimo junto con medicamentos para la diabetes puede hacer que el azúcar en sangre baje demasiado. Controle de cerca su nivel de azúcar en sangre.
Medicamentos que retardan la coagulación de la sangre (medicamentos anticoagulantes / antiplaquetarios)
El pino marítimo podría retardar la coagulación sanguínea. La ingesta de pino marítimo junto con medicamentos que también retardan la coagulación de la sangre podría aumentar el riesgo de hematomas y hemorragias.
Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants)
El pino marítimo puede aumentar la actividad del sistema inmunológico. Algunos medicamentos, como los que se usan después de un trasplante, disminuyen la actividad del sistema inmunológico. La ingesta de pino marítimo junto con estos medicamentos podría disminuir los efectos de estos medicamentos.

¿Existen interacciones con hierbas y suplementos?

Hierbas y suplementos que pueden reducir el azúcar en sangre
El pino marítimo podría reducir el azúcar en sangre. Tomarlo con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría reducir demasiado el azúcar en sangre. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen aloe, melón amargo, canela casia, cromo y nopal.
Hierbas y suplementos que pueden retardar la coagulación sanguínea
El pino marítimo podría retardar la coagulación sanguínea y aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia. Tomarlo con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia en algunas personas. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen ajo, jengibre, ginkgo, nattokinasa y Panax ginseng.

¿Existen interacciones con alimentos?

No se conoce ninguna interacción con alimentos.

¿Como se usa normalmente?

El extracto de corteza de pino marítimo ha sido utilizado con mayor frecuencia por adultos en una dosis de 50 mg, tomados 2-3 veces al día, hasta por un año. También se usa en varios productos, incluidas cremas y polvos tópicos. Hable con un proveedor de atención médica para averiguar qué tipo de producto y dosis podrían ser los mejores para una condición específica.

Otros nombres

Condensed Tannins, Écorce de Pin, Écorce de Pin Maritime, Extrait d'Écorce de Pin, French Marine Pine Bark Extract, French Maritime Pine Bark Extract, Leucoanthocyanidins, Maritime Bark Extract, Oligomères de Procyanidine, Oligomères Procyanidoliques, Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins, OPC, OPCs, PCO, PCOs, Pine Bark, Pine Bark Extract, Pinus pinaster, Pinus maritima, Proanthocyanidines Oligomériques, Procyanidin Oligomers, Procyanodolic Oligomers, Pycnogenol, Pycnogénol, Pygenol, Tannins Condensés.

Metodología

Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales.

Referencias

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  85. Belcaro, G., Luzzi, R., Cesinaro Di, Rocco P., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Feragalli, B., Errichi, B. M., Ippolito, E., Grossi, M. G., Hosoi, M., Errichi, S., Cornelli, U., Ledda, A., and Gizzi, G. Pycnogenol(R) improvements in asthma management. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):57-64. View abstract.
  86. Errichi, B. M., Belcaro, G., Hosoi, M., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Feragalli, B., Bavera, P., Hosoi, M., Zulli, C., Corsi, M., Ledda, A., Luzzi, R., and Ricci, A. Prevention of post thrombotic syndrome with Pycnogenol(R) in a twelve month study. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):21-27. View abstract.
  87. Aoki, H., Nagao, J., Ueda, T., Strong, J. M., Schonlau, F., Yu-Jing, S., Lu, Y., and Horie, S. Clinical assessment of a supplement of Pycnogenol(R) and L-arginine in Japanese patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. Phytother.Res. 2012;26:204-207. View abstract.
  88. Ohkita, M., Kiso, Y., and Matsumura, Y. Pharmacology in health foods: improvement of vascular endothelial function by French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol). J.Pharmacol.Sci. 2011;115:461-465. View abstract.
  89. Dvorakova, M., Paduchova, Z., Muchova, J., Durackova, Z., and Collins, A. R. How does pycnogenol(R) influence oxidative damage to DNA and its repair ability in elderly people? Prague.Med.Rep. 2010;111:263-271. View abstract.
  90. Henrotin, Y., Lambert, C., Couchourel, D., Ripoll, C., and Chiotelli, E. Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? - a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products. Osteoarthritis.Cartilage. 2011;19:1-21. View abstract.
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  93. Reuter, J., Wolfle, U., Korting, H. C., and Schempp, C. Which plant for which skin disease? Part 2: Dermatophytes, chronic venous insufficiency, photoprotection, actinic keratoses, vitiligo, hair loss, cosmetic indications. J.Dtsch.Dermatol.Ges. 2010;8:866-873. View abstract.
  94. Grossi, M. G., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Cacchio, M., Ippolito, E., and Bavera, P. Improvement in cochlear flow with Pycnogenol(R) in patients with tinnitus: a pilot evaluation. Panminerva Med. 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):63-67. View abstract.
  95. Stuard, S., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Gizzi, G., Pellegrini, L., and Rohdewald, P. J. Kidney function in metabolic syndrome may be improved with Pycnogenol(R). Panminerva Med. 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):27-32. View abstract.
  96. Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Di, Renzo A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Improvement of signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency and microangiopathy with Pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2010;17:835-839. View abstract.
  97. Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Stuard, S., Schonlau, F., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Cacchio, M., Gizzi, G., and Pellegrini, L. Kidney flow and function in hypertension: protective effects of pycnogenol in hypertensive participants--a controlled study. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.Ther. 2010;15:41-46. View abstract.
  98. Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Cacchio, M., and Rohdewald, P. Pycnogenol treatment of acute hemorrhoidal episodes. Phytother.Res. 2010;24:438-444. View abstract.
  99. Steigerwalt, R., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., and Schonlau, F. Pycnogenol improves microcirculation, retinal edema, and visual acuity in early diabetic retinopathy. J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther. 2009;25:537-540. View abstract.
  100. Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M., Silvia, E., Ledda, A., Stuard, S., G V, Dougall, M., Cornelli, U., Hastings, C., and Schonlau, F. Daily consumption of Reliv Glucaffect for 8 weeks significantly lowered blood glucose and body weight in 50 subjects. Phytother.Res. 4-29-2009; View abstract.
  101. Rucklidge, J. J., Johnstone, J., and Kaplan, B. J. Nutrient supplementation approaches in the treatment of ADHD. Expert.Rev.Neurother. 2009;9:461-476. View abstract.
  102. Zibadi, S., Rohdewald, P. J., Park, D., and Watson, R. R. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplementation. Nutr.Res. 2008;28:315-320. View abstract.
  103. Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, S., Zulli, C., Errichi, B. M., Vinciguerra, G., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Hosoi, M., and Rohdewald, P. Variations in C-reactive protein, plasma free radicals and fibrinogen values in patients with osteoarthritis treated with Pycnogenol. Redox.Rep. 2008;13:271-276. View abstract.
  104. Ryan, J., Croft, K., Mori, T., Wesnes, K., Spong, J., Downey, L., Kure, C., Lloyd, J., and Stough, C. An examination of the effects of the antioxidant Pycnogenol on cognitive performance, serum lipid profile, endocrinological and oxidative stress biomarkers in an elderly population. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22:553-562. View abstract.
  105. Cisar, P., Jany, R., Waczulikova, I., Sumegova, K., Muchova, J., Vojtassak, J., Durackova, Z., Lisy, M., and Rohdewald, P. Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Phytother.Res. 2008;22:1087-1092. View abstract.
  106. Suzuki, N., Uebaba, K., Kohama, T., Moniwa, N., Kanayama, N., and Koike, K. French maritime pine bark extract significantly lowers the requirement for analgesic medication in dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Reprod.Med. 2008;53:338-346. View abstract.
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  108. Dvorakova, M., Jezova, D., Blazicek, P., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., Suba, J., Iveta, W., Rohdewald, P., and Durackova, Z. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (pycnogenol). Nutr.Neurosci. 2007;10(3-4):151-157. View abstract.
  109. Nikolova, V., Stanislavov, R., Vatev, I., Nalbanski, B., and Punevska, M. [Sperm parameters in male idiopathic infertility after treatment with prelox]. Akush.Ginekol.(Sofiia) 2007;46:7-12. View abstract.
  110. Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Acerbi, G., Cacchio, M., Di Renzo, A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Rapid relief of signs/symptoms in chronic venous microangiopathy with pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Angiology 2006;57:569-576. View abstract.
  111. Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sivonova, M., Dvorakova, M., Zitnanova, I., Waczulikova, I., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., and Durackova, Z. Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Free Radic.Res 2006;40:1003-1010. View abstract.
  112. Dvorakova, M., Sivonova, M., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., Waczulikova, I., Muchova, J., and Durackova, Z. The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Redox.Rep. 2006;11:163-172. View abstract.
  113. Voss, P., Horakova, L., Jakstadt, M., Kiekebusch, D., and Grune, T. Ferritin oxidation and proteasomal degradation: protection by antioxidants. Free Radic.Res 2006;40:673-683. View abstract.
  114. Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B. M., Ledda, A., Di, Renzo A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Gizzi, G., Rohdewald, P., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., and Hosoi, M. Diabetic ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with pycnogenol. Clin.Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2006;12:318-323. View abstract.
  115. Ahn, J., Grun, I. U., and Mustapha, A. Effects of plant extracts on microbial growth, color change, and lipid oxidation in cooked beef. Food Microbiol. 2007;24:7-14. View abstract.
  116. Grimm, T., Skrabala, R., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) after oral administration to healthy volunteers. BMC.Clin Pharmacol 2006;6:4. View abstract.
  117. Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Acerbi, G., Cacchio, M., Di Renzo, A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Comparison of Pycnogenol and Daflon in treating chronic venous insufficiency: a prospective, controlled study. Clin Appl Thromb.Hemost. 2006;12:205-212. View abstract.
  118. Trebaticka, J., Kopasova, S., Hradecna, Z., Cinovsky, K., Skodacek, I., Suba, J., Muchova, J., Zitnanova, I., Waczulikova, I., Rohdewald, P., and Durackova, Z. Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol. Eur.Child Adolesc.Psychiatry 2006;15:329-335. View abstract.
  119. Chayasirisobhon, S. Use of a pine bark extract and antioxidant vitamin combination product as therapy for migraine in patients refractory to pharmacologic medication. Headache 2006;46:788-793. View abstract.
  120. Grimm, T., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). J Inflamm.(Lond) 2006;3:1. View abstract.
  121. Schafer, A., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Biomed.Pharmacother. 2006;60:5-9. View abstract.
  122. Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B. M., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Rohdewald, P., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., and Hosoi, M. Venous ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with local use of Pycnogenol. Angiology 2005;56:699-705. View abstract.
  123. Baumann, L. How to prevent photoaging? J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:xii-xiii. View abstract.
  124. Torras, M. A., Faura, C. A., Schonlau, F., and Rohdewald, P. Antimicrobial activity of Pycnogenol. Phytother Res 2005;19:647-648. View abstract.
  125. Thornfeldt, C. Cosmeceuticals containing herbs: fact, fiction, and future. Dermatol.Surg. 2005;31(7 Pt 2):873-880. View abstract.
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  127. Huang, W. W., Yang, J. S., Lin, C. F., Ho, W. J., and Lee, M. R. Pycnogenol induces differentiation and apoptosis in human promyeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Leuk.Res 2005;29:685-692. View abstract.
  128. Segger, D. and Schonlau, F. Supplementation with Evelle improves skin smoothness and elasticity in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 62 women. J Dermatolog.Treat. 2004;15:222-226. View abstract.
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  136. Siler-Marsiglio, K. I., Paiva, M., Madorsky, I., Serrano, Y., Neeley, A., and Heaton, M. B. Protective mechanisms of pycnogenol in ethanol-insulted cerebellar granule cells. J Neurobiol. 2004;61:267-276. View abstract.
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  139. Zhang, D., Tao, Y., Gao, J., Zhang, C., Wan, S., Chen, Y., Huang, X., Sun, X., Duan, S., Schonlau, F., Rohdewald, P., and Zhao, B. Pycnogenol in cigarette filters scavenges free radicals and reduces mutagenicity and toxicity of tobacco smoke in vivo. Toxicol Ind Health 2002;18:215-224. View abstract.
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  175. Blazso G, Gabor M, Schonlau F, Rohdewald P. Pycnogenol accelerates wound healing and reduces scar formation. Phytother Res 2004;18:579-81. View abstract.
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Documento revisado - 04/11/2024