Skip navigation

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Dirección de esta página: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/druginfo/natural/1000.html

Panax Ginseng

¿Qué es?

Panax ginseng, también conocido como ginseng coreano, es una hierba que se ha utilizado para diversos fines de salud. No debe confundirse con otras formas de ginseng.

Panax ginseng es una planta que crece en Corea, China y Siberia. Se considera un adaptógeno, que son sustancias naturales que se cree que estimulan la resistencia del cuerpo a los factores estresantes. Panax ginseng contiene muchos productos químicos activos. Los más importantes se denominan ginsenósidos o panaxósidos.

El panax ginseng se toma por vía oral para la memoria y las habilidades de pensamiento, la enfermedad de Alzheimer, la depresión y muchas otras condiciones, pero no existe una buena evidencia científica que respalde muchos de estos usos.

No confunda Panax ginseng con otras plantas a las que a veces se hace referencia como ginseng como el ginseng americano, Blue Cohosh, Canaigre, Codonopsis, Eleuthero o Panax Notoginseng. Estas son diferentes plantas con diferentes efectos.

¿Qué tan efectivo es?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación.

La clasificación de la eficacia para este producto es la siguiente:

Posiblemente eficaz para...

  • Habilidades de memoria y pensamiento (función cognitiva). La ingesta de Panax ginseng podría mejorar el pensamiento, las habilidades aritméticas y los tiempos de reacción en personas sanas de mediana edad, pero no en adultos jóvenes. Tomar panax ginseng solo no parece ayudar a la memoria, pero tomarlo con extracto de hoja de ginkgo parece mejorar la memoria en personas sanas entre las edades de 38 y 66 años.
  • Disfunción eréctil (DE). La ingesta de Panax ginseng parece mejorar la función sexual en adultos con disfunción eréctil.
  • Gripe (influenza). La ingesta de un extracto de Panax ginseng específico parece reducir el riesgo de contraer un resfriado o gripe. Pero no parece reducir los síntomas de la gripe ni la duración de la enfermedad.
  • Fatiga en personas con esclerosis múltiple (EM). La ingesta diaria de Panax ginseng durante 3 meses reduce la sensación de cansancio y mejora la calidad de vida en mujeres con EM.
  • Incremento de la respuesta a los estímulos sexuales en personas sanas. La ingesta de Panax ginseng solo o con otros ingredientes parece mejorar la excitación sexual y la satisfacción en adultos posmenopáusicos. También parece mejorar el deseo sexual en mujeres que informan problemas sexuales.

Posiblemente ineficaz para...

  • Desempeño atlético. La ingesta de Panax ginseng durante un máximo de 8 semanas no mejora el rendimiento deportivo.
Existe interés en usar panax ginseng para otros propósitos, pero no hay suficiente información confiable para decir si podría ser útil.

¿Es seguro?

Cuando se toma por vía oral: Panax ginseng probablemente sea seguro cuando se toma hasta por 6 meses. El Panax ginseng posiblemente no sea seguro cuando se toma durante más de 6 meses. Podría tener algunos efectos similares a los de las hormonas que podrían ser dañinos cuando se usa a largo plazo. El efecto secundario más común es la dificultad para dormir. Los efectos secundarios poco frecuentes que se han informado incluyen erupción cutánea grave, daño hepático y reacciones alérgicas graves.

Cuando se aplica a la piel: No hay suficiente información confiable para saber si el Panax ginseng es seguro. Puede causar efectos secundarios como irritación y ardor.

Advertencias y precauciones especiales:

Embarazo: Panax ginseng posiblemente no sea seguro cuando se toma por vía oral durante el embarazo. Se ha descubierto que uno de los productos químicos del Panax ginseng causa defectos de nacimiento en animales. No use Panax ginseng si está embarazada.

Lactancia: No hay suficiente información confiable para saber si el Panax ginseng es seguro de usar durante la lactancia. Manténgase en el lado seguro y evite su uso.

Niños: Es probable que el Panax ginseng no sea seguro para bebés y niños. El panax ginseng se ha relacionado con una intoxicación mortal en los recién nacidos. No está claro si es seguro en niños mayores. Hasta que se sepa más, no use Panax ginseng en niños.

"Enfermedades autoinmunes" como esclerosis múltiple (EM), lupus (lupus eritematoso sistémico, LES), artritis reumatoide (AR) u otras afecciones: El Panax ginseng parece aumentar la actividad del sistema inmunológico. Podría empeorar las enfermedades autoinmunes. No use Panax ginseng si tiene alguna condición autoinmune.

Condiciones de sangrado: Panax ginseng parece interferir con la coagulación de la sangre. No use Panax ginseng si tiene una enfermedad hemorrágica.

Condiciones cardíacas: Panax ginseng puede afectar levemente el ritmo cardíaco y la presión arterial el primer día que se usa. Use Panax ginseng con precaución si tiene una enfermedad cardíaca.

Condiciones sensibles a hormonas como cáncer de seno, cáncer de útero, cáncer de ovario, endometriosis o fibromas uterinos: El Panax ginseng contiene sustancias químicas (ginsenósidos) que pueden actuar como estrógenos. Si tiene alguna condición que podría empeorar por la exposición al estrógeno, no use Panax ginseng.

Dificultad para dormir (insomnio): Las dosis altas de Panax ginseng se han relacionado con el insomnio. Si tiene problemas para dormir, use Panax ginseng con precaución.

Sistema inmunológico debilitado: El Panax ginseng podría hacer que el sistema inmunológico sea más activo. Esto podría interferir con los efectos de los medicamentos que inhiben el sistema inmunológico, como los que se administran después de un trasplante de órganos. Si su sistema inmunológico está inhibido, no use Panax ginseng.

Esquizofrenia: Las altas dosis de Panax ginseng se han relacionado con problemas de sueño y agitación en personas con esquizofrenia. Tenga cuidado al usar Panax ginseng si tiene esquizofrenia.

¿Existen interacciones con medicamentos?

Moderadas
Tenga cuidado con esta combinación
Cafeína
La cafeína puede acelerar el sistema nervioso. Panax ginseng también podría acelerar el sistema nervioso. La ingesta de Panax ginseng junto con cafeína podría aumentar el riesgo de efectos secundarios, como aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca y presión arterial alta. Evite tomar cafeína junto con Panax ginseng.
Drogas estimulantes
Las drogas estimulantes aceleran el sistema nervioso. Al acelerar el sistema nervioso, los medicamentos estimulantes pueden hacer que se sienta nervioso y acelerar los latidos del corazón. Panax ginseng también podría acelerar el sistema nervioso. La ingesta de Panax ginseng junto con medicamentos estimulantes puede causar problemas graves, como aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca y presión arterial alta. Evite tomar medicamentos estimulantes junto con Panax ginseng.
Estrógenos
El panax ginseng podría tener algunos de los mismos efectos que el estrógeno. La ingesta de Panax ginseng junto con pastillas de estrógeno podría disminuir los efectos del estrógeno.
Furosemida (Lasix)
El panax ginseng podría disminuir la eficacia de la furosemida. Pero no hay suficiente información para saber si esto es una gran preocupación.
Hierbas y suplementos que pueden causar latidos cardíacos irregulares (medicamentos que prolongan el intervalo QT)
Panax ginseng podría afectar las corrientes eléctricas en el corazón. Esto puede aumentar el riesgo de tener latidos cardíacos irregulares. Tomar Panax ginseng con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría aumentar el riesgo de un problema cardíaco grave. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen naranja amarga, efedra, pomelo e iboga.
Imatinib (Gleevec)
El panax ginseng podría disminuir la rapidez con que el hígado descompone el imatinib. La ingesta de Panax ginseng con imatinib podría aumentar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de imatinib.
Insulina
El panax ginseng podría disminuir el azúcar en sangre. La insulina también se usa para disminuir el azúcar en sangre. Tomar Panax ginseng junto con insulina puede hacer que su nivel de azúcar en sangre sea demasiado bajo. Controle de cerca su nivel de azúcar en sangre. Es posible que sea necesario cambiar la dosis de insulina.
Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2D6 (CYP2D6))
Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El panax ginseng podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4))
Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El panax ginseng podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
Medicamentos para la depresión (IMAO)
Tomar Panax ginseng con IMAO podría aumentar el riesgo de ciertos efectos secundarios, como ansiedad, dolor de cabeza, inquietud e insomnio.

Algunos IMAO comunes incluyen fenelzina (Nardil), selegilina (Zelapar) y tranilcipromina (Parnate).
Medicamentos para la diabetes (medicamentos antidiabéticos)
El panax ginseng podría reducir los niveles de azúcar en sangre. La ingesta de panax ginseng junto con medicamentos para la diabetes puede hacer que el azúcar en sangre baje demasiado. Controle de cerca su nivel de azúcar en sangre.
Medicamentos que disminuyen el sistema inmunológico (inmunosupresores)
Panax ginseng puede aumentar la actividad del sistema inmunológico. Algunos medicamentos, como los que se usan después de un trasplante, disminuyen la actividad del sistema inmunológico. La ingesta de panax ginseng junto con estos medicamentos podría disminuir los efectos de estos medicamentos.
Medicamentos que retardan la coagulación de la sangre (medicamentos anticoagulantes / antiplaquetarios)
Panax ginseng podría retardar la coagulación de la sangre. La ingesta de panax ginseng junto con medicamentos que también retardan la coagulación de la sangre puede aumentar el riesgo de hematomas y hemorragias.
Midazolam (Versed)
El panax ginseng podría aumentar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone el midazolam. Tomar Panax ginseng con midazolam puede disminuir los efectos del midazolam.
Nifedipina (Procardia)
El panax ginseng podría afectar la cantidad de nifedipina disponible en el cuerpo. La ingesta de Panax ginseng junto con nifedipina podría aumentar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de la nifedipina.
Raltegravir (Isentress)
Raltegravir se ha asociado con toxicidad hepática en algunas personas. Tomar Panax ginseng con raltegravir podría aumentar el riesgo de toxicidad hepática en algunas personas que toman raltegravir.
Selegilina (Eldepryl)
Panax ginseng podría disminuir o aumentar la cantidad de selegilina que absorbe el cuerpo. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de la selegilina.
Warfarina (Coumadin)
La warfarina se usa para retardar la coagulación de la sangre. El panax ginseng podría disminuir los efectos de la warfarina. Pero no está claro si esta interacción es un gran problema. Asegúrese de hacerse análisis de sangre con regularidad. Es posible que sea necesario cambiar la dosis de warfarina.
Menores
Preste atención a esta combinación
Fexofenadina (Allegra)
La fexofenadina se toma para tratar las alergias estacionales. Panax ginseng podría reducir la cantidad de fexofenadina disponible en el cuerpo. Pero no hay suficiente información para saber si esto es una gran preocupación.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletira)
El hígado modifica y descompone lopinavir / ritonavir. El panax ginseng podría afectar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone algunos medicamentos. Pero el Panax ginseng no parece afectar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone el lopinavir / ritonavir en los seres humanos. Por lo tanto, esta interacción probablemente no sea una gran preocupación.
Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 1A1 (CYP1A1))
Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El panax ginseng podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.

¿Existen interacciones con hierbas y suplementos?

Hierbas y suplementos que pueden causar latidos cardíacos irregulares (productos que prolongan el intervalo QT)
Panax ginseng podría afectar las corrientes eléctricas en el corazón. Esto puede aumentar el riesgo de tener latidos cardíacos irregulares. Tomar Panax ginseng con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría aumentar el riesgo de un problema cardíaco grave. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen naranja amarga, efedra, pomelo e iboga.
Hierbas y suplementos que pueden reducir el azúcar en sangre
Panax ginseng podría reducir el azúcar en sangre. Tomarlo con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría reducir demasiado el azúcar en sangre. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen aloe, melón amargo, canela casia, cromo y nopal.
Hierbas y suplementos que pueden retardar la coagulación sanguínea
El panax ginseng podría retardar la coagulación sanguínea y aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia. Tomarlo con otros suplementos con efectos similares podría aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia en algunas personas. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen ajo, jengibre, ginkgo y natokinasa.

¿Existen interacciones con alimentos?

Beber bebidas con cafeína como café o té mientras toma Panax ginseng puede hacer que se sienta nervioso y acelerar los latidos del corazón. Evite las bebidas con cafeína o los alimentos que contengan cafeína mientras toma panax ginseng.

¿Como se usa normalmente?

El panax ginseng ha sido utilizado con mayor frecuencia por adultos en dosis de 200 mg a 3 gramos por vía oral al día durante un máximo de 12 semanas. Hable con un proveedor de atención médica para averiguar qué dosis podría ser la mejor para una condición específica.

Otros nombres

Asian Ginseng, Asiatic Ginseng, Chinese Ginseng, Chinese Red Ginseng, Ginseng, Ginseng Asiatique, Ginseng Blanc, Ginseng Blanc de Corée, Ginseng Chinois, Ginseng Coréen, Ginseng Coréen Rouge, Ginseng de Corée, Ginseng Japonais, Ginseng Oriental, Ginseng Radix Alba, Ginseng Root, Ginseng Rouge, Ginseng Sino-coréen, Ginseng Tibétain, Guigai, Hong Shen, Japanese Ginseng, Jen-Shen, Jinsao, Jintsam, Insam, Korean Ginseng, Korean Ginseng Root, Korean Panax, Korean Panax Ginseng, Korean Red Ginseng, Korean White Ginseng, Manchurian Ginseng, Mandragore de Chine, Ninjin, Ninzin, Oriental Ginseng, Panax Coréen, Panax Ginseng Blanc, Panax schinseng, Racine de Vie, Radix Ginseng Rubra, Red Chinese Ginseng, Red Ginseng, Red Kirin Ginseng, Red Korean Ginseng, Red Panax Ginseng, Ren Shen, Renshen, Renxian, Sang, Seng, Sheng Shai Shen, Tibetan Ginseng, White Ginseng, White Panax Ginseng.

Metodología

Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales.

Referencias

  1. Lee SR, Hur K, Cho S. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis as a cause of pityriasis amiantacea in a young child. JAAD Case Rep 2021;18:40-44. View abstract.
  2. Kim HI, Chon SJ, Seon KE, Seo SK, Choi YR. Clinical Effects of Korean Red Ginseng in Postmenopausal Women With Hand Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:745568. View abstract.
  3. Teitelbaum J, Goudie S. An Open-Label, Pilot Trial of HRG80(TM) Red Ginseng in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Post-Viral Fatigue. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;15:43. View abstract.
  4. Jovanovski E, Smircic-Duvnjak L, Komishon A, et al. Effect of coadministration of enriched Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) on cardiometabolic outcomes in type-2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. J Ginseng Res 2021;45:546-554. View abstract.
  5. Lee K, Yang H, Kim JY, et al. Effect of red ginseng on visual function and vision-related quality of life in patients with glaucoma. J Ginseng Res 2021;45:676-682. View abstract.
  6. Seong E, Bose S, Han SY, et al. Positive influence of gut microbiota on the effects of Korean red ginseng in metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. EPMA J 2021;12:177-197. View abstract.
  7. Chung TH, Kim JH, Seol SY, Kim YJ, Lee YJ. The Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Biological Aging and Antioxidant Capacity in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients 2021;13:3090. View abstract.
  8. Shishtar E, Sievenpiper JL, Djedovic V, et al. The effect of ginseng (the genus panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS One. 2014;9:e107391. View abstract.
  9. Zurbau A, Smircic Duvnjak L, Magas S, et al. Co-administration of viscous fiber, Salba-chia and ginseng on glycemic management in type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2021. View abstract.
  10. Lueangarun S, Panchaprateep R. An Herbal Extract Combination (Biochanin A, Acetyl tetrapeptide-3, and Ginseng Extracts) versus 3% Minoxidil Solution for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia: A 24-week, Prospective, Randomized, Triple-blind, Controlled Trial. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2020;13:32-37. View abstract.
  11. Hong JT, Lee MJ, Yoon SJ, et al. Effect of Korea red ginseng on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an association of gut microbiota with liver function. J Ginseng Res. 2021;45:316-324. View abstract.
  12. Ghorbani Z, Mirghafourvand M, Farshbaf Khalili A, Javadzadeh Y, Shakouri SK, Dastranj Tabrizi A. The Effect of Panax ginseng on Genitourinary Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Complement Med Res. 2021:1-8. English. View abstract.
  13. Ban MS, Kim Y, Lee S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenoside Compound K From a Compound K Fermentation Product, CK-30, and From Red Ginseng Extract in Healthy Korean Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2021. View abstract.
  14. Hyun SH, Ahn HY, Kim HJ, et al. Immuno-enhancement effects of Korean red ginseng in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Ginseng Res 2021;45:191-8. View abstract.
  15. Lee KH, Bahk WM, Lee SJ, Pae CU. Effectiveness and tolerability of Korean red ginseng augmentation in major depressive disorder patients with difficult-to-treat in routine practice. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2020;18:621-6. View abstract.
  16. Bessell E, Fuller NR, Markovic TP, et al. Effects of a-cyclodextrin on cholesterol control and hydrolyzed ginseng extract on glycemic control in people with prediabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020 Nov 2;3:e2023491. View abstract.
  17. Weber L, Hammoud Mahdi D, Jankuhn S, Lipowicz B, Vissiennon C. Bioactive plant compounds in coffee charcoal (Coffeae carbo) extract inhibit cytokine release from activated human THP-1 macrophages. Molecules. 2019;24:4263. View abstract.
  18. Kim Y, Jo JJ, Cho P, et al. Characterization of red ginseng-drug interaction by CYP3A activity increased in high dose administration in mice. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2020;41:295-306. View abstract.
  19. Shen L, Gwak SR, Joo JC, et al. Effectiveness and safety of Panax ginseng extract on hepatic dysfunction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:2689565. View abstract.
  20. Yang L, Li CL, Tsai TH. Preclinical Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Panax ginseng Extract and Selegiline in Freely Moving Rats. ACS Omega. 2020;5:4682-4688. View abstract.
  21. Sung WS, Kang HR, Jung CY, Park SS, Lee SH, Kim EJ. Efficacy of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) for middle-aged and moderate level of chronic fatigue patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102246. View abstract.
  22. Park K, Kim Y, Kim J, et al. Supplementation with Korean Red Ginseng Improves Current Perception Threshold in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:5295328. View abstract.
  23. Mariage PA, Hovhannisyan A, Panossian AG. Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer Herbal Preparation HRG80 in Preventing and Mitigating Stress-Induced Failure of Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13:E57. View abstract.
  24. Lee J, Lee A, Kim JH, et al. Effect of Omega-3 and Korean Red Ginseng on Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2020;18:75-80. View abstract.
  25. Kim JW, Han SW, Cho JY, et al. Korean red ginseng for cancer-related fatigue in colorectal cancer patients with chemotherapy: A randomised phase III trial. Eur J Cancer. 2020;130:51-62. View abstract.
  26. Jung JH, Kang TK, Oh JH, Jeong JU, Ko KP, Kim ST. The Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Symptoms and Inflammation in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020:145561320907172. View abstract.
  27. Jovanovski E, Lea-Duvnjak-Smircic, Komishon A, et al. Vascular effects of combined enriched Korean Red ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius) administration in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;49:102338. View abstract.
  28. Cristina-Souza G, Santos-Mariano AC, Lima-Silva AE, et al. Panax ginseng Supplementation Increases Muscle Recruitment, Attenuates Perceived Effort, and Accelerates Muscle Force Recovery After an Eccentric-Based Exercise in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2020. View abstract.
  29. Chen Y, Lin L, Wu L, et al. Effect of Panax Ginseng (G115) Capsules versus Placebo on Acute Exacerbations in Patients with Moderate to Very Severe COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:671-680. View abstract.
  30. Park HJ, Kim JH, Shim I. Anti-obesity Effects of Ginsenosides in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Chin J Integr Med. 2019;25:895-901. View abstract.
  31. Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Naudí A, Serrano JC. Efficacy of Panax ginseng supplementation on blood lipid profile. A meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical randomized trials. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;243:112090. View abstract.
  32. Shah SA, Occiano A, Nguyen TA, et al. Electrocardiographic and blood pressure effects of energy drinks and panax ginseng in healthy volunteers: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Sep 1;218:318-23. View abstract.
  33. Yennurajalingam S, Reddy A, Tannir NM, et al. High-dose Asian ginseng (panax ginseng) for cancer-related fatigue: a preliminary report. Integr Cancer Ther. 2015 Sep;14:419-27. View abstract.
  34. Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28:4-15. View abstract.
  35. Lee J, Lee E, Kim D, Lee J, Yoo J, Koh B. Studies on absorption, distribution and metabolism of ginseng in humans after oral administration. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;122:143-8. View abstract.
  36. Yi XQ, Li T, Wang JR, Wong VK, Luo P, Wong IY, Jiang ZH, Liu L, Zhou H. Total ginsenosides increase coronary perfusion flow in isolated rat hearts through activation of PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling. Phytomedicine 2010;17:1006-15. View abstract.
  37. Jovanovski E, Jenkins A, Dias AG, Peeva V, Sievenpiper J, Arnason JT, Rahelic D, Josse RG, Vuksan V. Effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) and its isolated ginsenosides and polysaccharides on arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. Am J Hypertens 2010;23:469-72. View abstract.
  38. Lee JH, Cho SH. Korean red ginseng extract ameliorates skin lesions in NC/Nga mice: an atopic dermatitis model. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;133:810-7. View abstract.
  39. Kim HS, Kim DH, Kim BK, Yoon SK, Kim MH, Lee JY, Kim HO, Park YM. Effects of topically applied Korean red ginseng and its genuine constituents on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011;11:280-5. View abstract.
  40. Kim H, Oh I, Park KH, Kim NM, Do JH, Cho Y. Stimulatory effect of dietary red ginseng on epidermal hydration and ceramide levels in ultraviolet-irradiated hairless mice. J Med Food 2009;12:746-54. View abstract.
  41. Kang TH, Park HM, Kim YB, Kim H, Kim N, Do JH, Kang C, Cho Y, Kim SY. Effects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;123:446-51. View abstract.
  42. Park JS, Hwang SY, Lee WS, Yu KW, Paek KY, Hwang BY, Han K. The therapeutic effect of tissue cultured root of wild Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer on spermatogenetic disorder. Arch Pharm Res 2006;29:800-7. View abstract.
  43. Yang WM, Park SY, Kim HM, Park EH, Park SK, Chang MS. Effects of Panax ginseng on glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression and spermatogenesis in rats. Phytother Res 2011;25:308-11. View abstract.
  44. Wang X, Chu S, Qian T, Chen J, Zhang J. Ginsenoside Rg1 improves male copulatory behavior via nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. J Sex Med 2010;7(2 Pt 1):743-50. View abstract.
  45. Kim HJ, Woo DS, Lee G, Kim JJ. The relaxation effects of ginseng saponin in rabbit corporal smooth muscle: is it a nitric oxide donor? Br J Urol 1998;82:744-8. View abstract.
  46. Chen X, Lee TJ. Ginsenosides-induced nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of the rabbit corpus cavernosum. Br J Pharmacol 1995;115:15-8. View abstract.
  47. Ahn JY, Kim MH, Lim MJ, Park S, Lee SL, Yun YS, Song JY. The inhibitory effect of ginsan on TGF-ß mediated fibrotic process. J Cell Physiol 2011;226:1241-7. View abstract.
  48. Wu J, Jeong HK, Bulin SE, Kwon SW, Park JH, Bezprozvanny I. Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Res 2009;87:1904-12. View abstract.
  49. Liang W, Ge S, Yang L, Yang M, Ye Z, Yan M, Du J, Luo Z. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 promote proliferation and expression of neurotrophic factors in primary Schwann cell cultures. Brain Res 2010;1357:19-25. View abstract.
  50. Ye R, Li N, Han J, Kong X, Cao R, Rao Z, Zhao G. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rd against oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Res 2009;64:306-10. View abstract.
  51. Tu LH, Ma J, Liu HP, Wang RR, Luo J. The neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides on calcineurin activity and tau phosphorylation in SY5Y cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009;29:1257-64. View abstract.
  52. Kwak YS, Kyung JS, Kim JS, Cho JY, Rhee MH. Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng. Biol Pharm Bull 2010;33:468-72. View abstract.
  53. Sakakibara K, Shibata Y, Higashi T, Sanada S, Shoji J. Effect of ginseng saponins on cholesterol metabolism. I. The level and the synthesis of serum and liver cholesterol in rats treated with ginsenosides. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1975;23:1009-16. View abstract.
  54. Baravalle C, Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Neder VE, Canavesio VR, Calvinho LF. Effect of Panax ginseng on cytokine expression in bovine mammary glands at drying off. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010;138:224-30. View abstract.
  55. Cho JY, Kim AR, Yoo ES, Baik KU, Park MH. Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng differentially regulate lymphocyte proliferation. Planta Med 2002;68:497-500. View abstract.
  56. Smolina TP, Solov'eva TF, Besednova NN. [Immunotropic activity of panaxans--bioglycans isolated from ginseng]. Antibiot Khimioter 2001;46:19-22. View abstract.
  57. Mizuno M, Yamada J, Terai H, Kozukue N, Lee YS, Tsuchida H. Differences in immunomodulating effects between wild and cultured Panax ginseng. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;200:1672-8. View abstract.
  58. Liu J, Wang S, Liu H, Yang L, Nan G. Stimulatory effect of saponin from Panax ginseng on immune function of lymphocytes in the elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 1995;83:43-53. View abstract.
  59. Nakaya TA, Kita M, Kuriyama H, Iwakura Y, Imanishi J. Panax ginseng induces production of proinflammatory cytokines via toll-like receptor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004;24:93-100. View abstract.
  60. Jang HI, Shin HM. Wild Panax ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) protects against methotrexate-induced cell regression by enhancing the immune response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Am J Chin Med 2010;38:949-60. View abstract.
  61. Kim JY, Germolec DR, Luster MI. Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator: studies in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1990;12:257-76. View abstract.
  62. Jie YH, Cammisuli S, Baggiolini M. Immunomodulatory effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer in the mouse. Agents Actions 1984;15(3-4):386-91. View abstract.
  63. Tong LS, Chao CY. Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 of Panax ginseng on mitosis in human blood lymphocytes in vitro. Am J Chin Med 1980 Autumn;8:254-67. View abstract.
  64. Scaglione F, Cogo R, and Cocuzza C. Immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer (G115) on alveolar macrophages from patients suffering with chronic bronchitis. Int J Immunother 1994;10:21-24.
  65. Lu X, Cheng BB, Ling CQ. [Effects of different assemblages with components of Shengmai Powder on glucocorticoid receptor in liver of thermal injured rat]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2010;30:622-4. View abstract.
  66. Lee S, Jung J, and Cho D. Ginseng application on the skin enhances synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins:217. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1996;106:842.
  67. Kanzaki T, Morisaki N, Shiina R, Saito Y. Role of transforming growth factor-beta pathway in the mechanism of wound healing by saponin from Ginseng Radix rubra. Br J Pharmacol 1998;125:255-62. View abstract.
  68. Xu C, Teng J, Chen W, Ge Q, Yang Z, Yu C, Yang Z, Jia W. 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, an active ginseng metabolite, exhibits strong antidepressant-like effects in animal tests. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010;34:1402-11. View abstract.
  69. Wang J, Flaisher-Grinberg S, Li S, Liu H, Sun L, Zhou Y, Einat H. Antidepressant-like effects of the active acidic polysaccharide portion of ginseng in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:65-9. View abstract.
  70. Lee B, Park J, Kwon S, Park MW, Oh SM, Yeom MJ, Shim I, Lee HJ, Hahm DH. Effect of wild ginseng on scopolamine-induced acetylcholine depletion in the rat hippocampus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010;62:263-71. View abstract.
  71. Wang Q, Sun LH, Jia W, Liu XM, Dang HX, Mai WL, Wang N, Steinmetz A, Wang YQ, Xu CJ. Comparison of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 for their effects on improving scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. Phytother Res 2010;24:1748-54. View abstract.
  72. Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Z, Bi P, Qi Z, Zhang C. Anti-neuroinflammation effect of ginsenoside Rbl in a rat model of Alzheimer disease. Neurosci Lett 2011;487:70-2. View abstract.
  73. Nitta H, Matsumoto K, Shimizu M, Ni XH, Watanabe H. Panax ginseng extract improves the scopolamine-induced disruption of 8-arm radial maze performance in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 1995;18:1439-42. View abstract.
  74. Zhao H, Li Q, Pei X, Zhang Z, Yang R, Wang J, Li Y. Long-term ginsenoside administration prevents memory impairment in aged C57BL/6J mice by up-regulating the synaptic plasticity-related proteins in hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2009;201:311-7. View abstract.
  75. Rudakewich M, Ba F, Benishin CG. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb and Rg. Planta Med 2001;67:533-7. View abstract.
  76. Lee TF, Shiao YJ, Chen CF, Wang LC. Effect of ginseng saponins on beta-amyloid-suppressed acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices. Planta Med 2001;67:634-7. View abstract.
  77. Takagi K, Saito H, Nabata H. Pharmacological studies of Panax ginseng root: estimation of pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng root. Jpn J Pharmacol 1972;22:245-9. View abstract.
  78. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Drewery L, Marsh VR, Moore B, Ashton H. Electroencephalograph effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003;75:701-9. View abstract.
  79. Bai CX, Takahashi K, Masumiya H, Sawanobori T, Furukawa T. Nitric oxide-dependent modulation of the delayed rectifier K+ current and the L-type Ca2+ current by ginsenoside Re, an ingredient of Panax ginseng, in guinea-pig cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2004;142:567-75. View abstract.
  80. Ahn CM, Hong SJ, Choi SC, Park JH, Kim JS, Lim DS. Red ginseng extract improves coronary flow reserve and increases absolute numbers of various circulating angiogenic cells in patients with first ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Phytother Res 2011;25:239-49. View abstract.
  81. Li X, Guo R, Li L. [Pharmacological variations of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer during processing]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1991;16:3-7, 62. View abstract.
  82. Toh HT. Improved isolated heart contractility and mitochondrial oxidation after chronic treatment with Panax ginseng in rats. Am J Chin Med 1994;22(3-4):275-84. View abstract.
  83. Wang T, Yu XF, Qu SC, Xu HL, Sui DY. Ginsenoside Rb3 inhibits angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010;107:685-9. View abstract.
  84. Su W, Sun AJ, Xu DL, Zhang HQ, Yang L, Yuan LY, Jia JG, Zou YZ, Wu YL, Wang KQ, Ge JB. Inhibiting effects of total saponins of panax ginseng on immune maturation of dendritic cells induced by oxidized-low density lipoprotein. Cell Immunol 2010;263:99-104. View abstract.
  85. Deng J, Lv XT, Wu Q, Huang XN. Ginsenoside Rg inhibits rat left ventricular hypertrophy induced by abdominal aorta coarctation: involvement of calcineurin and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalings. Eur J Pharmacol 2009;608(1-3):42-7. View abstract.
  86. Chen X. Cardiovascular protection by ginsenosides and their nitric oxide releasing action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996;23:728-32. View abstract.
  87. Hong BN, Kim SY, Yi TH, Kang TH. Post-exposure treatment with ginsenoside compound K ameliorates auditory functional injury associated with noise-induced hearing loss in mice. Neurosci Lett 2011;487:217-22. View abstract.
  88. Cho YK, Jung YS, Sung H. Frequent gross deletion in the HIV type 1 nef gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean Red Ginseng: inhibition of detection by highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009;25:419-24. View abstract.
  89. Cho YK, Jung YS, Sung H, Sim MK, Kim YK. High frequency of gross deletions in 5' LTR/gag and nef genes in patients infected with CRF02_AG of HIV type 1 who survived for over 20 years: an association with Korean red ginseng. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009;25:535-41. View abstract.
  90. Baek SH, Lee JG, Park SY, Bae ON, Kim DH, Park JH. Pectic polysaccharides from Panax ginseng as the antirotavirus principals in ginseng. Biomacromolecules 2010;11:2044-52. View abstract.
  91. Oyagi A, Ogawa K, Kakino M, Hara H. Protective effects of a gastrointestinal agent containing Korean red ginseng on gastric ulcer models in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2010;10:45. View abstract.
  92. Kuo SC, Teng CM, Lee JC, Ko FN, Chen SC, Wu TS. Antiplatelet components in Panax ginseng. Planta Med 1990;56:164-7. View abstract.
  93. Teng CM, Kuo SC, Ko FN, Lee JC, Lee LG, Chen SC, Huang TF. Antiplatelet actions of panaxynol and ginsenosides isolated from ginseng. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;990:315-20. View abstract.
  94. Park SH, Jang JH, Chen CY, Na HK, Surh YJ. A formulated red ginseng extract rescues PC12 cells from PCB-induced oxidative cell death through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate cysteine ligase. Toxicology 2010;278:131-9. View abstract.
  95. Kim YH, Kim GH, Shin JH, Kim KS, Lim JS. Effect of korean red ginseng on testicular tissue injury after torsion and detorsion. Korean J Urol 2010;51:794-9. View abstract.
  96. Tung NH, Song GY, Nhiem NX, Ding Y, Tai BH, Jin LG, Lim CM, Hyun JW, Park CJ, Kang HK, Kim YH. Dammarane-type saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng and their intracellular radical scavenging capacity. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58:868-74. View abstract.
  97. Jung JS, Shin JA, Park EM, Lee JE, Kang YS, Min SW, Kim DH, Hyun JW, Shin CY, Kim HS. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rh1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia: critical role of the protein kinase A pathway and hemeoxygenase-1 expression. J Neurochem 2010;115:1668-80. View abstract.
  98. Raghavendran HR, Rekha S, Shin JW, Kim HG, Wang JH, Park HJ, Choi MK, Cho JH, Son CG. Effects of Korean ginseng root extract on cisplatin-induced emesis in a rat-pica model. Food Chem Toxicol 2011;49:215-21. View abstract.
  99. Liu Z, Wang LJ, Li X, Hu JN, Chen Y, Ruan CC, Sun GZ. Hypoglycemic effects of malonyl-ginsenosides extracted from roots of Panax ginseng on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Phytother Res 2009;23:1426-30. View abstract.
  100. Chae S, Kang KA, Chang WY, Kim MJ, Lee SJ, Lee YS, Kim HS, Kim DH, Hyun JW. Effect of compound K, a metabolite of ginseng saponin, combined with gamma-ray radiation in human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:5777-82. View abstract.
  101. Cho SH, Chung KS, Choi JH, Kim DH, Lee KT. Compound K, a metabolite of ginseng saponin, induces apoptosis via caspase-8-dependent pathway in HL-60 human leukemia cells. BMC Cancer 2009 Dec 18;9:449. View abstract.
  102. Kim do Y, Park MW, Yuan HD, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Chung SH. Compound K induces apoptosis via CAMK-IV/AMPK pathways in HT-29 colon cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:10573-8. View abstract.
  103. He BC, Gao JL, Luo X, Luo J, Shen J, Wang L, Zhou Q, Wang YT, Luu HH, Haydon RC, Wang CZ, Du W, Yuan CS, He TC, Zhang BQ. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits colorectal tumor growth through the down-regulation of Wnt/ß:-catenin signaling. Int J Oncol 2011;38:437-45. View abstract.
  104. Wakabayashi C, Hasegawa H, Murata J, Saiki I. In vivo antimetastatic action of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins is based on their intestinal bacterial metabolites after oral administration. Oncol Res 1997;9:411-7. View abstract.
  105. Lee LS, Stephenson KK, Fahey JW, Parsons TL, Lietman PS, Andrade AS, Lei X, Yun H, Soon GH, Shen P, Danishefsky S, Flexner C. Induction of chemoprotective phase 2 enzymes by ginseng and its components. Planta Med 2009;75:1129-33. View abstract.
  106. Kim SH, Cho SS, Simkhada JR, Lee HJ, Kim SW, Kim TS, Yoo JC. Enhancement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3- and all-trans retinoic acid-induced HL-60 leukemia cell differentiation by Panax ginseng. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009;73:1048-53. View abstract.
  107. Choi S, Kim TW, Singh SV. Ginsenoside Rh2-mediated G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells is caused by p15 Ink4B and p27 Kip1-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases. Pharm Res 2009;26:2280-8. View abstract.
  108. Yoo JH, Kwon HC, Kim YJ, Park JH, Yang HO. KG-135, enriched with selected ginsenosides, inhibits the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells in culture and inhibits xenograft growth in athymic mice. Cancer Lett 2010;289:99-110. View abstract.
  109. Ming YL, Chen ZY, Chen LH, Tong QX, Zheng ZZ, Zheng GH, Qi XH. [Inhibitory effect of ginseng saponin IH901 on proliferation and metastasis of ECV304 cell line and its molecular mechanism]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2009;44:967-72. View abstract.
  110. Wang X, Zheng YL, Li K, Lin N, Fan QX. [The effects of ginsenosides Rg3 on the expressions of VEGF and KDR in human lung squamous cancer cells]. Zhong Yao Cai 2009;32:1708-10. View abstract.
  111. Wong VK, Cheung SS, Li T, Jiang ZH, Wang JR, Dong H, Yi XQ, Zhou H, Liu L. Asian ginseng extract inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of mouse lewis lung carcinoma via modulation of ERK-p53 and NF-κB signaling. J Cell Biochem 2010;111:899-910. View abstract.
  112. Park SE, Park C, Kim SH, Hossain MA, Kim MY, Chung HY, Son WS, Kim GY, Choi YH, Kim ND. Korean red ginseng extract induces apoptosis and decreases telomerase activity in human leukemia cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;121:304-12. View abstract.
  113. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Hassan NS, El-Kady AA, Khadrawy YA, El-Nekeety AA, Mohamed SR, Sharaf HA, Mannaa FA. Red ginseng extract protects against aflatoxin B1 and fumonisins-induced hepatic pre-cancerous lesions in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:733-42. View abstract.
  114. Lee SD, Park SK, Lee ES, Kim HM, Lee CW, Lee K, Lee KH, Kang MR, Lee KS, Lee J, Hwang WI, Kim DC. A lipid-soluble red ginseng extract inhibits the growth of human lung tumor xenografts in nude mice. J Med Food 2010;13:1-5. View abstract.
  115. Yun YS, Lee YS, Jo SK, Jung IS. Inhibition of autochthonous tumor by ethanol insoluble fraction from Panax ginseng as an immunomodulator. Planta Med 1993;59:521-4. View abstract.
  116. Yun TK, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kim SI, Yun HY. Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. J Korean Med Sci 2001;16 Suppl:S6-18. View abstract.
  117. Kim KR, Chung TY, Shin H, Son SH, Park KK, Choi JH, Chung WY. Red ginseng saponin extract attenuates murine collagen-induced arthritis by reducing pro-inflammatory responses and matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression. Biol Pharm Bull 2010;33:604-10. View abstract.
  118. Park EK, Choo MK, Han MJ, Kim DH. Ginsenoside Rh1 possesses antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activities. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004;133:113-20. View abstract.
  119. Xu W, Yue A, Yang X. [GC-MS analysis of essential oil of honeyed red ginseng]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009;34:591-5. View abstract.
  120. Liu GY, Li XW, Wang NB, Zhou HY, Wei W, Gui MY, Yang B, Jin YR. Three new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2010;12:865-73. View abstract.
  121. Nguyen HT, Song GY, Kim JA, Hyun JH, Kang HK, Kim YH. Dammarane-type saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng and their effects on human leukemia cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010;20:309-14. View abstract.
  122. Sugimoto S, Nakamura S, Matsuda H, Kitagawa N, Yoshikawa M. Chemical constituents from seeds of Panax ginseng: structure of new dammarane-type triterpene ketone, panaxadione, and hplc comparisons of seeds and flesh. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009;57:283-7. View abstract.
  123. Tung NH, Song GY, Minh CV, Kiem PV, Jin LG, Boo HJ, Kang HK, Kim YH. Steamed ginseng-leaf components enhance cytotoxic effects on human leukemia HL-60 cells. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010;58:1111-5. View abstract.
  124. Ruan CC, Liu Z, Li X, Liu X, Wang LJ, Pan HY, Zheng YN, Sun GZ, Zhang YS, Zhang LX. Isolation and characterization of a new ginsenoside from the fresh root of Panax Ginseng. Molecules 2010;15:2319-25. View abstract.
  125. Lee SJ, Moon TW, Lee J. Increases of 2-furanmethanol and maltol in Korean red ginseng during explosive puffing process. J Food Sci 2010;75:C147-51. View abstract.
  126. Fahim MS, Fahim Z, Harman JM, Clevenger TE, Mullins W, Hafez ES. Effect of Panax ginseng on testosterone level and prostate in male rats. Arch Androl 1982;8:261-3. View abstract.
  127. Salvati G, Genovesi G, Marcellini L, Paolini P, De Nuccio I, Pepe M, Re M. Effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer saponins on male fertility. Panminerva Med 1996;38:249-54. View abstract.
  128. Shim JY, Kim MH, Kim HD, Ahn JY, Yun YS, Song JY. Protective action of the immunomodulator ginsan against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury via control of oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010;242:318-25. View abstract.
  129. Shukla R, Kumar M. Role of Panax ginseng as an antioxidant after cadmium-induced hepatic injuries. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:769-73. View abstract.
  130. Park JS, Park EM, Kim DH, Jung K, Jung JS, Lee EJ, Hyun JW, Kang JL, Kim HS. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2009;209(1-2):40-9. View abstract.
  131. Hien TT, Kim ND, Kim HS, Kang KW. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules in human endothelial cells. Pharmazie 2010;65:699-701. View abstract.
  132. Siddique MS, Eddeb F, Mantle D, Mendelow AD. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2000;76:87-90. View abstract.
  133. Chang MS, Lee SG, Rho HM. Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng. Phytother Res 1999;13:641-4. View abstract.
  134. Kim H, Chen X, Gillis CN. Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radical-induced injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;189:670-6. View abstract.
  135. Sun XB, Matsumoto T, Yamada H. Anti-ulcer activity and mode of action of the polysaccharide fraction from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Planta Med 1992;58:432-5. View abstract.
  136. Im GJ, Chang JW, Choi J, Chae SW, Ko EJ, Jung HH. Protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract on cisplatin ototoxicity in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. Phytother Res 2010;24:614-21. View abstract.
  137. Lee WH, Choi JS, Kim HY, Park JH, Park BD, Cho SJ, Lee SK, Surh YJ. Potentiation of etoposide-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by co-treatment with KG-135, a quality-controlled standardized ginsenoside formulation. Cancer Lett 2010;294:74-81. View abstract.
  138. Yi RL, Li W, Hao XZ. [Inductive differentiation effect of ginsenosides on human acute non-lymphocytic leukemic cells in 58 patients]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1993;13:722-4, 708. View abstract.
  139. Katano M, Yamamoto H, Matsunaga H, Mori M, Takata K, Nakamura M. [Cell growth inhibitory substance isolated from Panax ginseng root: panaxytriol]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1990;17:1045-9. View abstract.
  140. Xiaoguang C, Hongyan L, Xiaohong L, Zhaodi F, Yan L, Lihua T, Rui H. Cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic activities of red ginseng. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;60:71-8. View abstract.
  141. Lee KD, Huemer RP. Antitumoral activity of Panax ginseng extracts. Jpn J Pharmacol 1971;21:299-302. View abstract.
  142. Cabral de Oliveira AC, Perez AC, Merino G, Prieto JG, Alvarez AI. Protective effects of Panax ginseng on muscle injury and inflammation after eccentric exercise. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001;130:369-77. View abstract.
  143. Park EK, Choo MK, Kim EJ, Han MJ, Kim DH. Antiallergic activity of ginsenoside Rh2. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26:1581-4. View abstract.
  144. Ahn JY, Song JY, Yun YS, Jeong G, Choi IS. Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute inflammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006;46:187-97. View abstract.
  145. Lim YJ, Na HS, Yun YS, Choi IS, Oh JS, Rhee JH, Cho BH, Lee HC. Suppressive effects of ginsan on the development of allergic reaction in murine asthmatic model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009;150:32-42. View abstract.
  146. Persson IA, Dong L, Persson K. Effect of Panax ginseng extract (G115) on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105:321-5. View abstract.
  147. Bilgi N, Bell K, Ananthakrishnan AN, Atallah E. Imatinib and Panax ginseng: a potential interaction resulting in liver toxicity. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:926-8. View abstract.
  148. Kaku T, Miyata T, Uruno T, Sako I, Kinoshita A. Chemico-pharmacological studies on saponins of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. II. Pharmacological part. Arzneimittelforschung 1975;25:539-47. View abstract.
  149. Choi HK, Seong DH, Rha KH. Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1995;7:181-6. View abstract.
  150. Rhee MY, Kim YS, Bae JH, Nah DY, Kim YK, Lee MM, Kim HY. Effect of Korean red ginseng on arterial stiffness in subjects with hypertension. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17:45-9. View abstract.
  151. Yamamoto M, Uemura T, Nakama S, Uemiya M, Kumagai A. Serum HDL-cholesterol-increasing and fatty liver-improving actions of Panax ginseng in high cholesterol diet-fed rats with clinical effect on hyperlipidemia in man. Am J Chin Med 1983;11(1-4):96-101. View abstract.
  152. Park HJ, Rhee MH, Park KM, Nam KY, Park KH. Effect of non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and thromboxane A2 in human platelet aggregation. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;49:157-62. View abstract.
  153. Lee Y, Jin Y, Lim W, Ji S, Choi S, Jang S, Lee S. A ginsenoside-Rh1, a component of ginseng saponin, activates estrogen receptor in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003;84:463-8. View abstract.
  154. Lee, D. C., Lee, M. O., Kim, C. Y., and Clifford, D. H. Effect of ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of ginseng on cardiovascular function in dogs. Can J Comp Med 1981;45:182-187. View abstract.
  155. Kim, S. H., Park, K. S., Chang, M. J., and Sung, J. H. Effects of Panax ginseng extract on exercise-induced oxidative stress. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005;45:178-182. View abstract.
  156. Kim, J. H., Yoon, I. S., Lee, B. H., Choi, S. H., Lee, J. H., Lee, J. H., Jeong, S. M., Kim, S. C., Park, C. K., Lee, S. M., and Nah, S. Y. Effects of Korean red ginseng extract on cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. Arch Pharm Res 2005;28:680-684. View abstract.
  157. Min, K. T., Koo, B. N., Kang, J. W., Bai, S. J., Ko, S. R., and Cho, Z. H. Effect of ginseng saponins on the recombinant serotonin type 3A receptor expressed in xenopus oocytes: implication of possible application as an antiemetic. J Altern Complement Med 2003;9:505-510. View abstract.
  158. Kim SY, Seo SK, Choi YM, Jeon YE, Lim KJ, Cho S, Choi YS, Lee BS. Effects of red ginseng supplementation on menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Menopause 2012;19:461-6. View abstract.
  159. Lee JK, Kang HW, Kim JH, Lim YJ, Koh MS, Lee JH. Effects of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant to bile acids in medical dissolution therapy for gallstones: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Food Funct 2013;4:116-20. View abstract.
  160. Choi YD, Park CW, Jang J, Kim SH, Jeon HY, Kim WG, Lee SJ, Chung WS. Effects of Korean ginseng berry extract on sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study. Int J Impot Res 2013;25:45-50. View abstract.
  161. Lee CS, Lee JH, Oh M, Choi KM, Jeong MR, Park JD, Kwon DY, Ha KC, Park EO, Lee N, Kim SY, Choi EK, Kim MG, Chae SW. Preventive effect of Korean red ginseng for acute respiratory illness: a randomized and double-blind clinical trial. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:1472-8. View abstract.
  162. Etemadifar M, Sayahi F, Abtahi SH, Shemshaki H, Dorooshi GA, Goodarzi M, Akbari M, Fereidan-Esfahani M. Ginseng in the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study. Int J Neurosci 2013;123:480-6. View abstract.
  163. Braz AS, Morais LC, Paula AP, Diniz MF, Almeida RN. Effects of Panax ginseng extract in patients with fibromyalgia: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2013;35:21-8. View abstract.
  164. Kim HG, Cho JH, Yoo SR, Lee JS, Han JM, Lee NH, Ahn YC, Son CG. Antifatigue effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2013;8:e61271. View abstract.
  165. Lee MH, Kwak JH, Jeon G, Lee JW, Seo JH, Lee HS, Lee JH. Red ginseng relieves the effects of alcohol consumption and hangover symptoms in healthy men: a randomized crossover study. Food Funct 2014;5:528-34. View abstract.
  166. Rhee MY, Cho B, Kim KI, Kim J, Kim MK, Lee EK, Kim HJ, Kim CH. Blood pressure lowering effect of Korea ginseng derived ginseol K-g1. Am J Chin Med 2014;42:605-18. View abstract.
  167. Oh MR, Park SH, Kim SY, Back HI, Kim MG, Jeon JY, Ha KC, Na WT, Cha YS, Park BH, Park TS, Chae SW. Postprandial glucose-lowering effects of fermented red ginseng in subjects with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:237. View abstract.
  168. Doosti A, Lotfi Y, Moossavi A, Bakhshi E, Talasaz AH, Hoorzad A. Comparison of the effects of N-acetyl-cysteine and ginseng in prevention of noise induced hearing loss in male textile workers. Noise Health 2014;16:223-7. View abstract.
  169. Jung HL, Kwak HE, Kim SS, Kim YC, Lee CD, Byurn HK, Kang HY. Effects of Panax ginseng supplementation on muscle damage and inflammation after uphill treadmill running in humans. Am J Chin Med 2011;39:441-50. View abstract.
  170. Ping FW, Keong CC, Bandyopadhyay A. Effects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environment. Indian J Med Res 2011;133:96-102. View abstract.
  171. Kimura, Y., Okuda, H., and Arichi, S. Effects of various ginseng saponins on 5-hydroxytryptamine release and aggregation in human platelets. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988;40:838-843. View abstract.
  172. Sen A. Orobuccolingual dyskinesia after long-term use of black cohosh and ginseng. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013 Fall;25:E50. View abstract.
  173. Malati CY, Robertson SM, Hunt JD, Chairez C, Alfaro RM, Kovacs JA, Penzak SR. Influence of Panax ginseng on cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity in healthy participants. J Clin Pharmacol 2012;52:932-9. View abstract.
  174. Kakisaka Y, Ohara T, Tozawa H, Sato S, Katayama S, Suzuki T, Hino-Fukuyo N, Kure S. Panax ginseng: a newly identified cause of gynecomastia. Tohoku J Exp Med 2012;228:143-5. View abstract.
  175. De Souza LR, Jenkins AL, Sievenpiper JL, Jovanovski E, Rahelic D, Vuksan V. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) root fractions: differential effects on postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:245-50. View abstract.
  176. Yakoot M, Salem A, Helmy S. Effect of Memo, a natural formula combination, on Mini-Mental State Examination scores in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Clin Interv Aging 2013;8:975-81. View abstract.
  177. Martínez-Mir I, Rubio E, Morales-Olivas FJ, Palop-Larrea V. Transient ischemic attack secondary to hypertensive crisis related to Panax ginseng. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:1970. View abstract.
  178. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, and Wesnes KA. Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Nutr.Neurosci. 2001;4:399-412. View abstract.

  179. Wesnes KA, Faleni RA, Hefting NR, and et al. The cognitive, subjective, and physical effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy volunteers with neurasthenic complaints. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997;33:677-683. View abstract.

  180. Hartley, D. E., Elsabagh, S., and File, S. E. Gincosan (a combination of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng): the effects on mood and cognition of 6 and 12 weeks' treatment in post-menopausal women. Nutr.Neurosci. 2004;7(5-6):325-333. View abstract.
  181. Arbuzov, A. G., Maslov, L. N., Burkova, V. N., Krylatov, A. V., Konkovskaia, IuN, and Safronov, S. M. [Phytoadaptogens-induced phenomenon similar to ischemic preconditioning]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2009;95:398-404. View abstract.
  182. Yu, K., Chen, F., and Li, C. Absorption, disposition, and pharmacokinetics of saponins from Chinese medicinal herbs: what do we know and what do we need to know more? Curr Drug Metab 6-1-2012;13:577-598. View abstract.
  183. Cai, T., Wagenlehner, F. M., Mazzoli, S., Meacci, F., Mondaini, N., Nesi, G., Tiscione, D., Malossini, G., and Bartoletti, R. Semen quality in patients with Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection treated concurrently with prulifloxacin and a phytotherapeutic agent. J Androl 2012;33:615-623. View abstract.
  184. Kennedy, D. O., Haskell, C. F., Wesnes, K. A., and Scholey, A. B. Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004;79:401-411. View abstract.
  185. Gurley, B. J., Gardner, S. F., Hubbard, M. A., Williams, D. K., Gentry, W. B., Cui, Y., and Ang, C. Y. Clinical assessment of effects of botanical supplementation on cytochrome P450 phenotypes in the elderly: St John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba. Drugs Aging 2005;22:525-539. View abstract.
  186. Ito, T. Y., Trant, A. S., and Polan, M. L. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of ArginMax, a nutritional supplement for enhancement of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther 2001;27:541-549. View abstract.
  187. Niederhofer, H. Panax ginseng may improve some symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Dietary Supplements 2009;6:22-27.
  188. Liu, P., Xu, Y., Yin, H., Wang, J., Chen, K., and Li, Y. Developmental toxicity research of ginsenoside Rb1 using a whole mouse embryo culture model. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2005;74:207-209. View abstract.
  189. Liu, P., Yin, H., Xu, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, K., and Li, Y. Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on postimplantation rat and mouse embryos cultured in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2006;20:234-238. View abstract.
  190. Lee, Y. H., Lee, B. K., Choi, Y. J., Yoon, I. K., Chang, B. C., and Gwak, H. S. Interaction between warfarin and Korean red ginseng in patients with cardiac valve replacement. Int J Cardiol. 11-19-2010;145:275-276. View abstract.
  191. Hao, M., Ba, Q., Yin, J., Li, J., Zhao, Y., and Wang, H. Deglycosylated ginsenosides are pG2 cells than glycosylated ginsenosides. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 12-17-2010. View abstract.
  192. Zhang, R., Jie, J., Zhou, Y., Cao, Z., and Li, W. Long-term effects of Panax ginseng on disposition of fexofenadine in rats in vivo. Am J Chin Med 2009;37:657-667. View abstract.
  193. Hu, Z., Yang, X., Ho, P. C., Chan, S. Y., Heng, P. W., Chan, E., Duan, W., Koh, H. L., and Zhou, S. Herb-drug interactions: a literature review. Drugs 2005;65:1239-1282. View abstract.
  194. Engels, H. J., Fahlman, M. M., and Wirth, J. C. Effects of ginseng on secretory IgA, performance, and recovery from interval exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:690-696. View abstract.
  195. Kulaputana, O., Thanakomsirichot, S., and Anomasiri, W. Ginseng supplementation does not change lactate threshold and physical performances in physically active Thai men. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90:1172-1179. View abstract.
  196. Cho, S., Won, C. H., Lee, D. H., Lee, M. J., Lee, S., So, S. H., Lee, S. K., Koo, B. S., Kim, N. M., and Chung, J. H. Red ginseng root extract mixed with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus improves facial wrinkles and increases type I procollagen synthesis in human skin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Med Food 2009;12:1252-1259. View abstract.
  197. Wiklund I, Karlberg J, and Lund B. A double bind comparison of the effect on quality of life of a combination of vital substances including standarized ginseng G115 and placebo. Curr Ther Res 1994;55:32-42.
  198. Kim, J. H., Park, C. Y., and Lee, S. J. Effects of sun ginseng on subjective quality of life in cancer patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2006;31:331-334. View abstract.
  199. Ni, H. X., Yu, N. J., and Yang, X. H. The study of ginsenoside on PPARgamma expression of mononuclear macrophage in type 2 diabetes. Mol.Biol Rep. 2010;37:2975-2979. View abstract.
  200. Shin, S. K., Kwon, J. H., Jeong, Y. J., Jeon, S. M., Choi, J. Y., and Choi, M. S. Supplementation of cheonggukjang and red ginseng cheonggukjang can improve plasma lipid profile and fasting blood glucose concentration in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. J Med Food 2011;14(1-2):108-113. View abstract.
  201. Kim, S., Shin, B. C., Lee, M. S., Lee, H., and Ernst, E. Red ginseng for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chin J Integr.Med 2011;17:937-944. View abstract.
  202. Kim, T. H., Jeon, S. H., Hahn, E. J., Paek, K. Y., Park, J. K., Youn, N. Y., and Lee, H. L. Effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) extract on male patients with erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2009;11:356-361. View abstract.
  203. Jang, D. J., Lee, M. S., Shin, B. C., Lee, Y. C., and Ernst, E. Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: a systematic review. Br.J Clin.Pharmacol. 2008;66:444-450. View abstract.
  204. Ito, T. Y., Polan, M. L., Whipple, B., and Trant, A. S. The enhancement of female sexual function with ArginMax, a nutritional supplement, among women differing in menopausal status. J Sex Marital Ther 2006;32:369-378. View abstract.
  205. Han, K. H., Choe, S. C., Kim, H. S., Sohn, D. W., Nam, K. Y., Oh, B. H., Lee, M. M., Park, Y. B., Choi, Y. S., Seo, J. D., and Lee, Y. W. Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. Am J Chin Med 1998;26:199-209. View abstract.
  206. Oh, K. J., Chae, M. J., Lee, H. S., Hong, H. D., and Park, K. Effects of Korean red ginseng on sexual arousal in menopausal women: placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover clinical study. J Sex Med 2010;7(4 Pt 1):1469-1477. View abstract.
  207. Sievenpiper, J. L., Sung, M. K., Di Buono, M., Seung-Lee, K., Nam, K. Y., Arnason, J. T., Leiter, L. A., and Vuksan, V. Korean red ginseng rootlets decrease acute postprandial glycemia: results from sequential preparation- and dose-finding studies. J Am Coll.Nutr 2006;25:100-107. View abstract.
  208. Reay, J. L., Scholey, A. B., Milne, A., Fenwick, J., and Kennedy, D. O. Panax ginseng has no effect on indices of glucose regulation following acute or chronic ingestion in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 2009;101:1673-1678. View abstract.
  209. Vuksan, V., Sung, M. K., Sievenpiper, J. L., Stavro, P. M., Jenkins, A. L., Di, Buono M., Lee, K. S., Leiter, L. A., Nam, K. Y., Arnason, J. T., Choi, M., and Naeem, A. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2008;18:46-56. View abstract.
  210. Reay, J. L., Kennedy, D. O., and Scholey, A. B. The glycaemic effects of single doses of Panax ginseng in young healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 2006;96:639-642. View abstract.
  211. Sung, H., Jung, Y. S., and Cho, Y. K. Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009;16:1127-1131. View abstract.
  212. Lee, J. S., Kwon, K. A., Jung, H. S., Kim, J. H., and Hahm, K. B. Korea red ginseng on Helicobacter pylori-induced halitosis: newer therapeutic strategy and a plausible mechanism. Digestion 2009;80:192-199. View abstract.
  213. Le Gal M, Cathebras P, and Struby K. Pharmaton capsules in the treatment of functional fatigue. A double-blind study versus placebo evaluated by a new methodology. Phytotherapy Research 1996;10:49-53.
  214. Yun, T. K., Zheng, S., Choi, S. Y., Cai, S. R., Lee, Y. S., Liu, X. Y., Cho, K. J., and Park, K. Y. Non-organ-specific preventive effect of long-term administration of Korean red ginseng extract on incidence of human cancers. J Med Food 2010;13:489-494. View abstract.
  215. Mateo-Carrasco, H., Galvez-Contreras, M. C., Fernandez-Gines, F. D., and Nguyen, T. V. Elevated liver enzymes resulting from an interaction between Raltegravir and Panax ginseng: a case report and brief review. Drug Metabol.Drug Interact. 2012;27:171-175. View abstract.
  216. Kwon, K. R., Kim, H., Kim, J. S., Yoo, H. S., and Cho, C. K. Case series of non-small cell lung cancer treated with mountain Ginseng pharmacopuncture. J Acupunct.Meridian.Stud. 2011;4:61-68. View abstract.
  217. Lee, J. H., Kwon, K. R., Cho, C. K., Han, S. S., and Yoo, H. S. Advanced cancer cases treated with cultivated wild ginseng phamacopuncture. J Acupunct.Meridian.Stud. 2010;3:119-124. View abstract.
  218. Lee, S. T., Chu, K., Sim, J. Y., Heo, J. H., and Kim, M. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis.Assoc.Disord. 2008;22:222-226. View abstract.
  219. Heo, J. H., Lee, S. T., Chu, K., Oh, M. J., Park, H. J., Shim, J. Y., and Kim, M. An open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eur.J Neurol. 2008;15:865-868. View abstract.
  220. Reay, J. L., Kennedy, D. O., and Scholey, A. B. Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasks. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;20:771-781. View abstract.
  221. Reay, J. L., Kennedy, D. O., and Scholey, A. B. Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19:357-365. View abstract.
  222. Neri, M., Andermarcher, E., Pradelli, J. M., and Salvioli, G. Influence of a double blind pharmacological trial on two domains of well-being in subjects with age associated memory impairment. Arch Gerontol.Geriatr. 1995;21:241-252. View abstract.
  223. Forgo, I., Kayasseh, L., and Staub, J. J. [Effect of a standardized ginseng extract on general well-being, reaction time, lung function and gonadal hormones]. Med Welt 5-8-1981;32:751-756. View abstract.
  224. Reay, J. L., Scholey, A. B., and Kennedy, D. O. Panax ginseng (G115) improves aspects of working memory performance and subjective ratings of calmness in healthy young adults. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010;25:462-471. View abstract.
  225. Smith M, Lin KM, and Zheng YP. PIII-89 an open trial of nifedipine-herb interactions: Nifedipine with St. John's wort, ginseng or ginkgo biloba. Clin Pharm Ther 2001;69:P86.
  226. An X, Zhang AL, Yang AW, et al. Oral ginseng formulae for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Resp Med 2011;105:165-76. View abstract.
  227. Reeds DN, Patterson BW, Okunade A, et al. Ginseng and ginsenoside re do not improve beta-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1071-6. View abstract.
  228. Lee SH, Ahn YM, Ahn SY, et al. Interaction between warfarin and Panax ginseng in ischemic stroke patients. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14:715-721. View abstract.
  229. Dasgupta A, Tso G, Wells A. Effect of Asian ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and Indian ayurvedic medicine Ashwagandha on serum digoxin measurement by Digoxin III, a new digoxin immunoassay. J Clin Lab Anal 2008;22:295-301. View abstract.
  230. Chow L, Johnson M, Wells A, Dasgupta A. Effect of the traditional Chinese medicines Chan Su, Lu-Shen-Wan, Dan Shen, and Asian ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by Tina-quant (Roche) and Synchron LX system (Beckman) digoxin immunoassays. J Clin Lab Anal 2003;17:22-7. View abstract.
  231. Dasgupta A, Wu S, Actor J, et al. Effect of Asian and Siberian ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by five digoxin immunoassays. Significant variation in digoxin-like immunoreactivity among commercial ginsengs. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:298-303. View abstract.
  232. Jiang X, Blair EY, McLachlan AJ. Investigation of the effects of herbal medicines on warfarin response in healthy subjects: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46:1370-8. View abstract.
  233. Cui Y, Shu XO, Gao YT, et al. Association of ginseng use with survival and quality of life among breast cancer patients. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:645-53. View abstract.
  234. Kabalak AA, Soyal OB, Urfalioglu A, et al. Menometrorrhagia and tachyarrhythmia after using oral and topical ginseng. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2004;13:830-3. View abstract.
  235. Kim SH, Park KS. Effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in humans. Pharmacol Res 2003;48:511-3. View abstract.
  236. Cho J, Park W, Lee S, et al. Ginsenoside-Rb1 from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer activates estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta, independent of ligand binding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3510-5. View abstract.
  237. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Decreasing, null and increasing effects of eight popular types of ginseng on acute postprandial glycemic indices in healthy humans: the role of ginsenosides. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:248-58. View abstract.
  238. Lee FC, Ko JH, Park JK, Lee JS. Effects of Panax ginseng on blood alcohol clearance in man. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1987;14:543-6. View abstract.
  239. Wiwanikit V, Taungjarwinai W. A case report of suspected ginseng allergy. Medscape General Medicine 6 , 2004. Available at: www.medscape.com/viewarticle/482833 (Accessed 17 September 2004).
  240. Yun YP, Do JH, Ko SR, et al. Effects of Korean red ginseng and its mixed prescription on the high molecular weight dextran-induced blood stasis in rats and human platelet aggregation. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;77:259-64. View abstract.
  241. Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:592-9. View abstract.
  242. Xu QF, Fang XL, Chen DF. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 from Panax notoginseng in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;84:187-92. View abstract.
  243. Tamaoki J, Nakata J, Kawatani K, et al. Ginsenoside-induced relaxation of human bronchial smooth muscle via release of nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol 2000;130:1859-64. View abstract.
  244. Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, et al. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett 2000;150:41-8.. View abstract.
  245. Moon J, Yu SJ, Kim HS, Sohn J. Induction of G cell cycle arrest and p27(KIP1) increase by panaxydol isolated from Panax ginseng. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;59:1109-16.. View abstract.
  246. Lee YJ, Jin YR, Lim WC, et al. Ginsenoside-Rb1 acts as a weak phytoestrogen in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res 2003;26:58-63.. View abstract.
  247. Punnonen R, Lukola A. Oestrogen-like effect of ginseng. Br Med J 1980;281:1110.. View abstract.
  248. Hammond TG, Whitworth JA. Adverse reactions to ginseng [letter]. Med J Aust 1981;1:492.. View abstract.
  249. Wiklund IK, Mattsson LA, Lindgren R, et al. Effects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1999;19:89-99.. View abstract.
  250. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb-drug interactions in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:276-87.. View abstract.
  251. See DM, Broumand N, Sahl L, Tilles JG. In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997;35:229-35. View abstract.
  252. Chan LY, Chiu PY, Lau TK. An in-vitro study of ginsenoside Rb-induced teratogenicity using a whole rat embryo culture model. Hum Reprod 2003;18:2166-8.. View abstract.
  253. Cardinal BJ, Engels HJ. Ginseng does not enhance psychological well-being in healthy, young adults: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:655-60.. View abstract.
  254. Suzuki H, Rhim JH. Effect of samgyetang feeding on plasma lipids, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and stress-induced gastric ulcers in mice. Nutr Res 2000;20:575-84.
  255. Wesnes KA, Ward T, McGinty A, Petrini O. The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;152:353-61.. View abstract.
  256. Scaglione F, Weiser K, Alessandria M. Effects of the standardized ginseng extract G115 (Reg.) in patients with chronic bronchitis: A nonblinded, randomized, comparative pilot study. Clin Drug Invest 2001;21:41-5.
  257. Hong B, Ji YH, Hong JH, et al. A double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of Korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: a preliminary report. J Urol 2002;168:2070-3.. View abstract.
  258. Pan SJ, Ding Z, Ivy JL. Ginseng's effects on glucose tolerance and mRNA profiles in a animal model of Type II diabetes. Altern Ther 2001;7:S26.
  259. Cheng TO. Panax (ginseng) is not a panacea. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3329. View abstract.
  260. Ng TB, Wang H. Panaxagin, a new protein from Chinese ginseng possesses anti-fungal, anti-viral, translation-inhibiting and ribonuclease activities. Life Sci 2001;68:739-49. View abstract.
  261. Kim YK, Guo Q, Packer L. Free radical scavenging activity of red ginseng aqueous extracts. Toxicology 2002;172:149-56. View abstract.
  262. Ellis JM, Reddy P. Effects of Panax ginseng on quality of life. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:375-9. View abstract.
  263. Dharmananda S. The nature of ginseng: traditional use, modern use, and the question of dosage. Herbalgram 2002;54:34-51.
  264. Scholey AB, Kennedy DO. Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:35-44.. View abstract.
  265. Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, et al. Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1221-6. View abstract.
  266. Caso MA, Vargas RR, Salas VA, Begona IC. Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1996;22:323-9. View abstract.
  267. Eagon PK, Elm MS, Hunter DS, et al. Medicinal herbs: modulation of estrogen action. Era of Hope Mtg, Dept Defense; Breast Cancer Res Prog, Atlanta, GA 2000;Jun 8-11.
  268. Caron MF, Hotsko AL, Robertson S, et al. Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of Panax ginseng. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:758-63.. View abstract.
  269. Ding DZ, Shen TK, Cui YZ. Effects of red ginseng on the congestive heart failure and its mechanism. Chung Kuo Chung His I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995;15:325-7. View abstract.
  270. Engels HJ, Wirth JC. No ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during grades maximal aerobic exercise. J Am Diet Assoc 1997;97:1110-5. View abstract.
  271. Allen JD, McLung J, Nelson AG, Welsch M. Ginseng supplementation does not enhance healthy young adults' peak aerobic exercise performance. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:462-6. View abstract.
  272. Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, 8-OHdG, and carbonyl contents in smokers treated with antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene and red ginseng). Cancer Lett 1998;132:219-27. View abstract.
  273. Sotaniemi EA, Haapakoski E, Rautio A. Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1373-5. View abstract.
  274. Tode T, Kikuchi Y, Hirata J, et al. Effect of Korean red ginseng on psychological functions in patients with severe climacteric syndromes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;67:169-74. View abstract.
  275. Palop-Larrea V, Gonzalvez-Perales JL, Catalan-Oliver C, et al. Metrorrhagia and ginseng. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:1347-8. View abstract.
  276. Siegel RK. Ginseng Abuse Syndrome. JAMA 1979;241:1614-5.
  277. Kase Y, Saitoh K, Ishige A, et al. Mechanisms by which Hange-shashin-to reduces prostaglandin E2 levels. Biol Pharm Bull 1998;21:1277-81. View abstract.
  278. Hiai S, Yokoyama H, Oura H, et al. Stimulation of pituitary-adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. Endocrinol Jpn 1979;26:661-5. View abstract.
  279. Shin HR, Kim JY, Yun TK, et al. The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:565-76. View abstract.
  280. Belogortseva NI, Yoon JY, Kim KH. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori hemagglutination by polysaccharide fractions from roots of Panax ginseng. Planta Med 2000;66:217-20. View abstract.
  281. Lewis R, Wake G, Court G, et al. Non-ginsenoside nicotinic activity in ginseng species. Phytother Res 1999;13;59-64. View abstract.
  282. Song Z, Kharazmi A, Wu H, et al. Effects of Ginseng treatment on neutrophil chemiluminescence and immunoglobulin G subclasses in a rat model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998;5:882-7. View abstract.
  283. Song Z, Johansen HK, Faber V, et al. Ginseng treatment reduces bacterial load and lung pathology in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:961-4. View abstract.
  284. Choi HK, Jung GW, Moon KH, et al. Clinical study of SS-Cream in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation. Urology 2000;55:257-61. View abstract.
  285. Zhu M, Chan KW, Ng LS, et al. Possible influences of ginseng on the pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51:175-80. View abstract.
  286. Sorensen H, Sonne J. A double-masked study of the effects of ginseng on cognitive functions. Curr Ther Res 1996;57:959-68.
  287. Yun TK, Choi SY. Non-organ specific cancer prevention of ginseng: a prospective study in Korea. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:359-64. View abstract.
  288. Park HJ, Lee JH, Song YB, Park KH. Effects of dietary supplementation of lipophilic fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and cAMP in rat platelets and on blood coagulation. Biol Pharm Bull 1996;19:1434-9. View abstract.
  289. Vogler BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E. The efficacy of ginseng. A systemic review of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:567-75. View abstract.
  290. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA. Clinical assessment of potential cytochrome P450-mediated herb-drug interactions. AAPS Ann Mtg & Expo Indianapolis, IN: 2000; Oct 29 - Nov 2:presentation #3460.
  291. Becker BN. Ginseng-induced diuretic resistance. JAMA 1996;276:606-7. View abstract.
  292. Vilstrup H, Gluud C, Hardt F, et al. Branched chain enriched amino acid versus glucose treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A double-blind study of 65 patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1990;10:291-6. View abstract.
  293. Janetzky K, Morreale AP. Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1997;54:692-3. View abstract.
  294. Jones BD, Runikis AM. Interaction of ginseng with phenelzine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;7:201-2. View abstract.
  295. Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ. Phenelzine and the dream machine-ramblings and reflections. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1985;5:65. View abstract.
  296. Hamid S, Rojter S, Vierling J. Protracted cholestatic hepatitis after the use of Prostata. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:169-70. View abstract.
  297. Brown R. Potential interactions of herbal medicines with antipsychotics, antidepressants and hypnotics. Eur J Herbal Med 1997;3:25-8.
  298. Dega H, Laporte JL, Frances C, et al. Ginseng as a cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Lancet 1996;347:1344. View abstract.
  299. Ryu S, Chien Y. Ginseng-associated cerebral arteritis. Neurology 1995;45:829-30. View abstract.
  300. Gonzalez-Seijo JC, Ramos YM, Lastra I. Manic episode and ginseng: Report of a possible case. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:447-8. View abstract.
  301. Greenspan EM. Ginseng and vaginal bleeding [letter]. JAMA 1983;249:2018. View abstract.
  302. Hopkins MP, Androff L, Benninghoff AS. Ginseng face cream and unexplained vaginal bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:1121-2. View abstract.
  303. Palmer BV, Montgomery AC, Monteiro JC, et al. Gin Seng and mastalgia [letter]. BMJ 1978;1:1284. View abstract.
  304. Scaglione F, Cattaneo G, Alessandria M, Cogo R. Efficacy and safety of the standardized Ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1996;22:65-72. View abstract.
  305. Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal, 4th ed., Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal Press, 1999.
  306. Hanafy MS, Hatem ME. Studies on the antimicrobial activity of Black seed seed (black cumin). J Ethnopharmacol 1991;34:275-8. View abstract.
  307. Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.
  308. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  309. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  310. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
Documento revisado - 06/05/2024