Spastic paraplegia type 15

Spastic paraplegia type 15 is part of a group of genetic disorders known as hereditary spastic paraplegias. These disorders are characterized by progressive muscle stiffness (spasticity) and the development of paralysis of the lower limbs (paraplegia). Spastic paraplegia type 15 is classified as a complex hereditary spastic paraplegia because it involves all four limbs as well as additional features, including abnormalities of the brain. In addition to the muscles and brain, spastic paraplegia type 15 affects the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to muscles and sensory cells that detect sensations such as touch, pain, heat, and sound.

Spastic paraplegia type 15 usually becomes apparent in childhood or adolescence with the development of weak muscle tone (hypotonia), difficulty walking, or intellectual disability. In almost all affected individuals, the tissue connecting the left and right halves of the brain (corpus callosum) is abnormally thin and becomes thinner over time. Additionally, there is often a loss (atrophy) of nerve cells in several parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, which controls thinking and emotions, and the cerebellum, which coordinates movement.

People with this form of spastic paraplegia can have numbness, tingling, or pain in the arms and legs (sensory neuropathy); impairment of the nerves used for muscle movement (motor neuropathy); exaggerated reflexes (hyperreflexia) of the lower limbs; muscle wasting (amyotrophy); or reduced bladder control. Rarely, spastic paraplegia type 15 is associated with a group of movement abnormalities called parkinsonism, which includes tremors, rigidity, and unusually slow movement (bradykinesia). People with spastic paraplegia type 15 may have an eye condition called pigmentary maculopathy that often impairs vision. This condition results from the breakdown (degeneration) of tissue at the back of the eye called the macula, which is responsible for sharp central vision.

Most people with spastic paraplegia type 15 experience a decline in intellectual ability and an increase in muscle weakness and nerve abnormalities over time. As the condition progresses, many people require walking aids or wheelchair assistance in adulthood.

Spastic paraplegia type 15 is a rare condition, although its exact prevalence is unknown.

Mutations in the ZFYVE26 gene cause spastic paraplegia type 15. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called spastizin. This protein is important in a process called autophagy, in which worn-out cell parts and unneeded proteins are recycled within cells. Specifically, spastizin is involved in the formation and maturation of sacs called autophagosomes (or autophagic vacuoles) that transport unneeded materials to be broken down. Spastizin also plays a role in the process by which dividing cells separate from one another (cytokinesis).

Many ZFYVE26 gene mutations that cause spastic paraplegia type 15 result in a shortened spastizin protein that is quickly broken down. As a result, functional autophagosomes are not produced, autophagy cannot occur, and recycling of materials within cells is decreased. An inability to break down unneeded materials, and the subsequent accumulation of these materials in cells, leads to cell dysfunction and often cell death. The loss of cells in the brain and other parts of the body is responsible for many of the features of spastic paraplegia type 15.

It is unclear whether a lack of spastizin protein interferes with normal cytokinesis and whether impaired cell division contributes to the signs and symptoms of spastic paraplegia type 15.

Genetic Testing Information

• Genetic Testing Registry: Hereditary spastic paraplegia
• Genetic Testing Registry: Hereditary spastic paraplegia 15

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

• Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 15
• Hereditary spastic paraplegia

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

• SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA 15, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; SPG15

Scientific Articles on PubMed

• PubMed

• Boukhris A, Stevanin G, Feki I, Denis E, Elleuch N, Miladi MI, Truchetto J, Denora P, Belal S, Mhiri C, Brice A. Hereditary spastic paraplegia with mental impairment and thin corpus callosum in Tunisia: SPG11, SPG15, and further genetic heterogeneity. Arch Neurol. 2008 Mar;65(3):393-402. doi: 10.1001/archneur.65.3.393. Citation on PubMed
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• Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Alecu JE, Blackstone C. Spastic Paraplegia 15. 2021 May 27. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570772/ Citation on PubMed
• Goizet C, Boukhris A, Maltete D, Guyant-Marechal L, Truchetto J, Mundwiller E, Hanein S, Jonveaux P, Roelens F, Loureiro J, Godet E, Forlani S, Melki J, Auer-Grumbach M, Fernandez JC, Martin-Hardy P, Sibon I, Sole G, Orignac I, Mhiri C, Coutinho P, Durr A, Brice A, Stevanin G. SPG15 is the second most common cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum. Neurology. 2009 Oct 6;73(14):1111-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181bacf59. Citation on PubMed
• Hanein S, Martin E, Boukhris A, Byrne P, Goizet C, Hamri A, Benomar A, Lossos A, Denora P, Fernandez J, Elleuch N, Forlani S, Durr A, Feki I, Hutchinson M, Santorelli FM, Mhiri C, Brice A, Stevanin G. Identification of the SPG15 gene, encoding spastizin, as a frequent cause of complicated autosomal-recessive spastic paraplegia, including Kjellin syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Apr;82(4):992-1002. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.004. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Mallaret M, Lagha-Boukbiza O, Biskup S, Namer IJ, Rudolf G, Anheim M, Tranchant C. SPG15: a cause of juvenile atypical levodopa responsive parkinsonism. J Neurol. 2014 Feb;261(2):435-7. doi: 10.1007/s00415-013-7216-4. Epub 2013 Dec 24. No abstract available. Citation on PubMed
• Vantaggiato C, Clementi E, Bassi MT. ZFYVE26/SPASTIZIN: a close link between complicated hereditary spastic paraparesis and autophagy. Autophagy. 2014 Feb;10(2):374-5. doi: 10.4161/auto.27173. Epub 2013 Nov 26. Citation on PubMed
• Vantaggiato C, Crimella C, Airoldi G, Polishchuk R, Bonato S, Brighina E, Scarlato M, Musumeci O, Toscano A, Martinuzzi A, Santorelli FM, Ballabio A, Bresolin N, Clementi E, Bassi MT. Defective autophagy in spastizin mutated patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis type 15. Brain. 2013 Oct;136(Pt 10):3119-39. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt227. Epub 2013 Sep 11. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central