Krabbe disease (also called globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a severe neurological condition. It is part of a group of disorders known as leukodystrophies, which result from the loss of myelin (demyelination) in the nervous system. Myelin is the protective covering around nerve cells that ensures the rapid transmission of nerve signals. Krabbe disease is also characterized by abnormal cells in the brain called globoid cells, which are large cells that usually have more than one nucleus.
The most common form of Krabbe disease, called the infantile form, usually begins before the age of 1. Initial signs and symptoms typically include irritability, muscle weakness, feeding difficulties, episodes of fever without any sign of infection, stiff posture, and delayed mental and physical development. As the disease progresses, muscles continue to weaken, affecting the infant's ability to move, chew, swallow, and breathe. Affected infants also experience vision loss and seizures. Because of the severity of the condition, individuals with the infantile form of Krabbe disease rarely survive beyond the age of 2.
Less commonly, Krabbe disease begins in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood (late-onset forms). Vision problems and walking difficulties are the most common initial symptoms in these forms of the disorder, however, signs and symptoms vary considerably among affected individuals. Individuals with late-onset Krabbe disease may survive many years after the condition begins.
Frequency
In the United States, Krabbe disease affects about 1 in 100,000 individuals. A higher incidence (6 cases per 1,000 people) has been reported in a few isolated communities in Israel.
Causes
Mutations in the GALC gene cause Krabbe disease. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called galactosylceramidase, which breaks down certain fats called galactolipids. One galactolipid broken down by galactosylceramidase, called galactosylceramide, is an important component of myelin. Breakdown of galactosylceramide is part of the normal turnover of myelin that occurs throughout life. Another galactolipid, called psychosine, which is formed during the production of myelin, is toxic if not broken down by galactosylceramidase.
GALC gene mutations severely reduce the activity of the galactosylceramidase enzyme. As a result, galactosylceramide and psychosine cannot be broken down. Excess galactosylceramide accumulates in certain cells, forming globoid cells. The accumulation of these galactolipids causes damage to myelin-forming cells, which impairs the formation of myelin and leads to demyelination in the nervous system. Without myelin, nerves in the brain and other parts of the body cannot transmit signals properly, leading to the signs and symptoms of Krabbe disease.
Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
Other Names for This Condition
- Diffuse globoid body sclerosis
- Galactosylceramidase deficiency disease
- Galactosylceramide lipidosis
- Galactosylcerebrosidase deficiency
- Galactosylsphingosine lipidosis
- GALC deficiency
- GCL
- GLD
- Psychosine lipidosis
Additional Information & Resources
Genetic Testing Information
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources
Clinical Trials
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
Scientific Articles on PubMed
References
- Graziano AC, Cardile V. History, genetic, and recent advances on Krabbe disease. Gene. 2015 Jan 15;555(1):2-13. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.046. Epub 2014 Sep 26. Citation on PubMed
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Krabbe Disease
- Sakai N. Pathogenesis of leukodystrophy for Krabbe disease: molecular mechanism and clinical treatment. Brain Dev. 2009 Aug;31(7):485-7. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.03.001. Epub 2009 Mar 29. Citation on PubMed
- Shin D, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L. Altered Trafficking and Processing of GALC Mutants Correlates with Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy Severity. J Neurosci. 2016 Feb 10;36(6):1858-70. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3095-15.2016. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Spratley SJ, Hill CH, Viuff AH, Edgar JR, Skjodt K, Deane JE. Molecular Mechanisms of Disease Pathogenesis Differ in Krabbe Disease Variants. Traffic. 2016 Aug;17(8):908-22. doi: 10.1111/tra.12404. Epub 2016 May 30. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Wenger DA, Rafi MA, Luzi P. Krabbe disease: One Hundred years from the bedside to the bench to the bedside. J Neurosci Res. 2016 Nov;94(11):982-9. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23743. Citation on PubMed
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