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URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/familial-candidiasis/

Familial candidiasis

Description

Familial candidiasis is an inherited tendency to develop infections caused by a type of fungus called Candida. Affected individuals typically have infections of the skin, the nails, and the moist lining of body cavities (mucous membranes). These infections are recurrent and persistent, which means they come back repeatedly and can last a long time. This pattern of infection is called chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.

Candida is commonly present on the skin and on the mucous membranes, and in most people usually causes no health problems. However, certain medications (such as antibiotics and corticosteroids) and other factors can lead to occasional overgrowth of Candida (candidiasis) in the mouth (where it is known as thrush) or in the vagina. These episodes, commonly called yeast infections, usually last only a short time before being cleared by a healthy immune system.

Most people with familial candidiasis have chronic or recurrent yeast infections that begin in early childhood. Skin infections lead to a rash with crusty, thickened patches; when these patches occur on the scalp, they can cause loss of hair in the affected area (scarring alopecia). Candidiasis of the nails can result in thick, cracked, and discolored nails and swelling and redness of the surrounding skin. Thrush and gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, constipation, or diarrhea are common in affected individuals. Women with familial candidiasis can develop frequent vaginal yeast infections, and infants can have yeast infections on the skin that cause persistent diaper rash.

Depending on the genetic change involved in this condition, some affected individuals are at risk for developing systemic candidiasis, a more severe condition in which the infection spreads through the bloodstream to various organs including the brain and the meninges, which are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Systemic candidiasis can be life-threatening.

Chronic or recurrent yeast infections can occur in people without familial candidiasis. Some individuals experience recurrent candidiasis as part of a general susceptibility to infections because their immune systems are impaired by a disease such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), medications, or other factors. Other individuals have syndromes such as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) or autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) that include a tendency to develop candidiasis along with other signs and symptoms affecting various organs and systems of the body.

Frequency

Candida is present on the skin and mucous membranes of up to half the population at any given time, normally without creating health problems. The prevalence of the inherited susceptibility to Candida infections that characterizes familial candidiasis is unknown, but the condition is thought to be rare.

Causes

Mutations in any of several genes have been identified in people with familial candidiasis. These genes include CARD9, IL17RC, STAT1, and others. The genes associated with familial candidiasis provide instructions for making proteins that are involved in immune system function.

When the immune system recognizes Candida, it generates cells called Th17 cells. These cells produce signaling molecules (cytokines) called the interleukin-17 (IL-17) family as part of an immune process called the IL-17 pathway. The IL-17 pathway creates inflammation, sending other cytokines and white blood cells that fight foreign invaders and promote tissue repair. In addition, the IL-17 pathway promotes the production of certain antimicrobial protein segments (peptides) that control growth of Candida on the surface of mucous membranes.

The gene mutations associated with familial candidiasis interfere with the IL-17 pathway in various ways. Mutations in several genes, including IL17RC, impair signaling in the IL-17 pathway. Mutations in other genes, including STAT1 and CARD9, are thought to block (inhibit) the activity of the pathway. Impairment of the IL-17 pathway diminishes the body's immune response to Candida, leading to the chronic or recurrent yeast infections that occur in people with familial candidiasis. Mutations in most of the genes associated with familial candidiasis cause chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; only CARD9 gene mutations have also been known to lead to systemic candidiasis in some affected individuals.

Learn more about the genes associated with Familial candidiasis

Additional Information from NCBI Gene:

Inheritance

Familial candidiasis can be inherited in different patterns. People with this disorder inherit a tendency to develop recurrent or chronic Candida infections, not the infections themselves. Familial candidiasis caused by mutations in some genes, including STAT1, is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

Familial candidiasis caused by mutations other genes, such as CARD9 or IL17RC, is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

Other Names for This Condition

  • Familial chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Additional Information & Resources

Genetic Testing Information

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

Scientific Articles on PubMed

References

  • Delsing CE, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG. Treatment of candidiasis: insights from host genetics. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012 Aug;10(8):947-56. doi: 10.1586/eri.12.79. Citation on PubMed
  • Engelhardt KR, Grimbacher B. Mendelian traits causing susceptibility to mucocutaneous fungal infections in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Feb;129(2):294-305; quiz 306-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.966. Citation on PubMed
  • Filler SG. Insights from human studies into the host defense against candidiasis. Cytokine. 2012 Apr;58(1):129-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.018. Epub 2011 Oct 19. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
  • Glocker E, Grimbacher B. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and congenital susceptibility to Candida. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Dec;10(6):542-50. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833fd74f. Citation on PubMed
  • Hanna S, Etzioni A. New host defense mechanisms against Candida species clarify the basis of clinical phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jun;127(6):1433-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.03.026. Epub 2011 Apr 17. Erratum In: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Aug;128(2):281. Etzoni, Amos [corrected to Etzioni, Amos]. Citation on PubMed
  • Huppler AR, Bishu S, Gaffen SL. Mucocutaneous candidiasis: the IL-17 pathway and implications for targeted immunotherapy. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Jul 23;14(4):217. doi: 10.1186/ar3893. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
  • Plantinga TS, Johnson MD, Scott WK, Joosten LA, van der Meer JW, Perfect JR, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG. Human genetic susceptibility to Candida infections. Med Mycol. 2012 Nov;50(8):785-94. doi: 10.3109/13693786.2012.690902. Epub 2012 Jun 4. Citation on PubMed
  • Puel A, Cypowyj S, Marodi L, Abel L, Picard C, Casanova JL. Inborn errors of human IL-17 immunity underlie chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Dec;12(6):616-22. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e328358cc0b. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
  • Smeekens SP, van de Veerdonk FL, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG. Genetic susceptibility to Candida infections. EMBO Mol Med. 2013 Jun;5(6):805-13. doi: 10.1002/emmm.201201678. Epub 2013 Apr 30. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central

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