Skip navigation

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/1025.html

Goji

What is it?

Goji (Lycium chinense; Lycium barbarum) is a shrub. The berries, berry juice, and root bark have been used for many purposes, but with little evidence.

Goji grows in the Mediterranean region and parts of Asia. It contains chemicals that might help lower blood pressure and blood sugar. It might also help stimulate the immune system and protect organs.

Goji is used for many conditions including diabetes, weight loss, improving quality of life, and as a tonic, but there is no good scientific evidence to support any of these uses.

How effective is it?

There is interest in using goji for a number of purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Is it safe?

When taken by mouth: Goji fruit is possibly safe when taken short-term. Up to 15 grams of goji fruit daily has been used safely for up to 4 months. In rare cases, goji fruit can cause allergic reactions.

There isn't enough reliable information available to know if other parts of the goji plant are safe or what the side effects might be.

Special precautions & warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if goji is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. There is some concern that goji fruit might cause the uterus to contract. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Allergy to protein in certain products: Goji might cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to tobacco, peaches, tomatoes, and nuts.

Are there interactions with medications?

Major
Do not take this combination.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Goji might increase how long warfarin is in the body. This might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin might need to be changed.
Moderate
Be cautious with this combination.
Flecainide (Tambocor)
Flecainide is used to reduce irregular heartbeat. Goji might increase the levels of flecainide in the body. This can increase the risk of flecainide toxicity and serious heart issues.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates)
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Goji might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates)
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Goji might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates)
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Goji might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates)
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Goji might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)
Goji root bark might lower blood pressure. Taking goji along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.
Minor
Be watchful with this combination.
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)
Goji might lower blood sugar levels. Taking goji along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.

Are there interactions with herbs and supplements?

Herbs and supplements that might lower blood pressure
Goji root bark might lower blood pressure. Taking it with other supplements that have the same effect might cause blood pressure to drop too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include andrographis, casein peptides, L-arginine, niacin, and stinging nettle.
Herbs and supplements that might lower blood sugar
Goji might lower blood sugar. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might lower blood sugar too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include aloe, bitter melon, cassia cinnamon, chromium, and prickly pear cactus.

Are there interactions with foods?

There are no known interactions with foods.

How is it typically used?

There isn't enough reliable information to know what an appropriate dose of goji might be. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult a healthcare professional before using.

Other names

Baies de Goji, Baies de Lycium, Barberry Matrimony Vine, Chinese Boxthorn, Chinese Wolfberry, Di Gu Pi, Digupi, Épine du Christ, Fructus Lychii Chinensis, Fructus Lycii, Fructus Lycii Berry, Fruit de Lycium, Goji, Goji Berry, Goji Chinois, Goji de l'Himalaya, Goji Juice, Gougi, Gou Qi Zi, Gouqizi, Jus de Goji, Kuko, Lichi, Licium Barbarum, Litchi, Lyciet, Lyciet Commun, Lyciet de Barbarie, Lyciet de Chine, Lycii Berries, Lycii Chinensis, Lycii Fruit, Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense, Lycium Fruit, Matrimony Vine, Ning Xia Gou Qi, Wolfberry, Wolf berry.

Methodology

To learn more about how this article was written, please see the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database methodology.

References

  1. Oh MR, Jung SJ, Chae SW, Park BH, Lee SO. Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract lowers liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2023;62:1415-1425. View abstract.
  2. Tsunenaga M, Xu W, Myojin T, et al. Modulating effects of oral administration of Lycii Fructus extracts on UVB-induced skin erythema: A Randomized, placebo-controlled study. Biomed Rep 2022;17:62. View abstract.
  3. Li X, Mo X, Liu T, et al. Efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in adolescents with subthreshold depression: interim analysis of a randomized controlled study. Neural Regen Res 2022;17:1582-1587. View abstract.
  4. Toh DWK, Low JHM, Kim JE. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction with wolfberry consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2022;61:1177-1186. View abstract.
  5. Li X, Holt RR, Keen CL, Morse LS, Yiu G, Hackman RM. Goji Berry Intake Increases Macular Pigment Optical Density in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Pilot Trial. Nutrients 2021;13:4409. View abstract.
  6. Xia H, Yang C, Zhou B, et al. Pharmacokinetics and Excretion Study of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides in Rats by FITC-Fluorescence Labeling. Foods 2021;10:2851. View abstract.
  7. Zhou B, Xia H, Yang L, Wang S, Sun G. The effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the glucose and lipid metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Nutr 2021. View abstract.
  8. Toh DWK, Lee WY, Zhou H, et al. Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) Consumption with a Healthy Dietary Pattern Lowers Oxidative Stress in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10:567. View abstract.
  9. Toh DWK, Xia X, Sutanto CN, et al. Enhancing the cardiovascular protective effects of a healthy dietary pattern with wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021:nqab062. View abstract.
  10. Chung SY, Kang M, Hong SB, Bae H, Cho SH. Standardized Lycium chinense fruit extract enhances attention and cognitive function in healthy young people by a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Res Med Sci. 2019;24:102. View abstract.
  11. Zhang J, Tian L, Xie B. Bleeding due to a probable interaction between warfarin and Gouqizi (Lycium Barbarum L.). Toxicol Rep. 2015;2:1209-1212. View abstract.
  12. Liu R, Tam TW, Mao J, et al. In vitro activity of Lycium barbarum (Goji) against major human phase I metabolism enzymes. Complement Integr Med. 2016;13:257-265. View abstract.
  13. Guzmán CE, Guzmán-Moreno CG, Assad-Morell JL, Edgar Francisco Carrizales-Sepúlveda EF. Flecainide toxicity associated with the use of goji berries: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2021;5:ytab204. View abstract.
  14. Potterat O. Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense): Phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety in the perspective of traditional uses and recent popularity. Planta Med 2010;76:7-19. View abstract.
  15. Cheng J, Zhou ZW, Sheng HP, He LJ, Fan XW, He ZX, et al. An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;17:33-78. View abstract.
  16. Cai H, Liu F, Zuo P, Huang G, Song Z, Wang T, et al. Practical application of antidiabetic efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Med Chem. 2015;11:383-90. View abstract.
  17. Larramendi CH, García-Abujeta JL, Vicario S, García-Endrino A, López-Matas MA, García-Sedeño MD, et al. Goji berries (Lycium barbarum): Risk of allergic reactions in individuals with food allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012;22:345-50. View abstract.
  18. Jiménez-Encarnación E, Ríos G, Muñoz-Mirabal A, Vilá LM. Euforia-induced acute hepatitis in a patient with scleroderma. BMJ Case Rep 2012;2012. View abstract.
  19. Amagase H, Sun B Nance DM. Clinical studies of improving general well-being by a standardized Lycium barbarum fruit juice. Planta Med 2008;74:1175-1176.
  20. Kim, H. P., Kim, S. Y., Lee, E. J., Kim, Y. C., and Kim, Y. C. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense has hepatoprotective activity. Res Commun.Mol.Pathol Pharmacol 1997;97:301-314. View abstract.
  21. Gribanovski-Sassu, O., Pellicciari, R., and Cataldi, Hiughez C. Leaf pigments of Lycium europaeum: seasonal effect on zeaxanthin and lutein formation. Ann Ist.Super.Sanita 1969;5:51-53. View abstract.
  22. Wineman, E., Portugal-Cohen, M., Soroka, Y., Cohen, D., Schlippe, G., Voss, W., Brenner, S., Milner, Y., Hai, N., and Ma'or, Z. Photo-damage protective effect of two facial products, containing a unique complex of Dead Sea minerals and Himalayan actives. J.Cosmet.Dermatol. 2012;11:183-192. View abstract.
  23. Paul Hsu, C. H., Nance, D. M., and Amagase, H. A meta-analysis of clinical improvements of general well-being by a standardized Lycium barbarum. J.Med.Food 2012;15:1006-1014. View abstract.
  24. Franco, M., Monmany, J., Domingo, P., and Turbau, M. [Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by consumption of Goji berries]. Med.Clin.(Barc.) 9-22-2012;139:320-321. View abstract.
  25. Vidal, K., Bucheli, P., Gao, Q., Moulin, J., Shen, L. S., Wang, J., Blum, S., and Benyacoub, J. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary supplementation with a milk-based wolfberry formulation in healthy elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rejuvenation.Res. 2012;15:89-97. View abstract.
  26. Monzon, Ballarin S., Lopez-Matas, M. A., Saenz, Abad D., Perez-Cinto, N., and Carnes, J. Anaphylaxis associated with the ingestion of Goji berries (Lycium barbarum). J.Investig.Allergol.Clin.Immunol. 2011;21:567-570. View abstract.
  27. Sin, H. P., Liu, D. T., and Lam, D. S. Lifestyle modification, nutritional and vitamins supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91:6-11. View abstract.
  28. Amagase, H. and Nance, D. M. Lycium barbarum increases caloric expenditure and decreases waist circumference in healthy overweight men and women: pilot study. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2011;30:304-309. View abstract.
  29. Bucheli, P., Vidal, K., Shen, L., Gu, Z., Zhang, C., Miller, L. E., and Wang, J. Goji berry effects on macular characteristics and plasma antioxidant levels. Optom.Vis.Sci. 2011;88:257-262. View abstract.
  30. Amagase, H., Sun, B., and Nance, D. M. Immunomodulatory effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum fruit juice in Chinese older healthy human subjects. J.Med.Food 2009;12:1159-1165. View abstract.
  31. Wei, D., Li, Y. H., and Zhou, W. Y. [Observation on therapeutic effect of runmushu oral liquid in treating xerophthalmia in postmenopausal women]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 2009;29:646-649. View abstract.
  32. Miao, Y., Xiao, B., Jiang, Z., Guo, Y., Mao, F., Zhao, J., Huang, X., and Guo, J. Growth inhibition and cell-cycle arrest of human gastric cancer cells by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide. Med.Oncol. 2010;27:785-790. View abstract.
  33. Amagase, H., Sun, B., and Borek, C. Lycium barbarum (goji) juice improves in vivo antioxidant biomarkers in serum of healthy adults. Nutr.Res. 2009;29:19-25. View abstract.
  34. Lu, C. X. and Cheng, B. Q. [Radiosensitizing effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide for Lewis lung cancer]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1991;11:611-2, 582. View abstract.
  35. Chang, R. C. and So, K. F. Use of Anti-aging Herbal Medicine, Lycium barbarum, Against Aging-associated Diseases. What Do We Know So Far? Cell Mol.Neurobiol. 8-21-2007; View abstract.
  36. Chan, H. C., Chang, R. C., Koon-Ching, Ip A., Chiu, K., Yuen, W. H., Zee, S. Y., and So, K. F. Neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum Lynn on protecting retinal ganglion cells in an ocular hypertension model of glaucoma. Exp Neurol. 2007;203:269-273. View abstract.
  37. Adams, M., Wiedenmann, M., Tittel, G., and Bauer, R. HPLC-MS trace analysis of atropine in Lycium barbarum berries. Phytochem.Anal. 2006;17:279-283. View abstract.
  38. Chao, J. C., Chiang, S. W., Wang, C. C., Tsai, Y. H., and Wu, M. S. Hot water-extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 7-28-2006;12:4478-4484. View abstract.
  39. Benzie, I. F., Chung, W. Y., Wang, J., Richelle, M., and Bucheli, P. Enhanced bioavailability of zeaxanthin in a milk-based formulation of wolfberry (Gou Qi Zi; Fructus barbarum L.). Br J Nutr 2006;96:154-160. View abstract.
  40. Peng, Y., Ma, C., Li, Y., Leung, K. S., Jiang, Z. H., and Zhao, Z. Quantification of zeaxanthin dipalmitate and total carotenoids in Lycium fruits (Fructus Lycii). Plant Foods Hum.Nutr 2005;60:161-164. View abstract.
  41. Zhao, R., Li, Q., and Xiao, B. Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement of insulin resistance in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 2005;125:981-988. View abstract.
  42. Toyada-Ono, Y., Maeda, M., Nakao, M., Yoshimura, M., Sugiura-Tomimori, N., Fukami, H., Nishioka, H., Miyashita, Y., and Kojo, S. A novel vitamin C analog, 2-O-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid: examination of enzymatic synthesis and biological activity. J Biosci.Bioeng. 2005;99:361-365. View abstract.
  43. Lee, D. G., Jung, H. J., and Woo, E. R. Antimicrobial property of (+)-lyoniresinol-3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller against human pathogenic microorganisms. Arch Pharm Res 2005;28:1031-1036. View abstract.
  44. He, Y. L., Ying, Y., Xu, Y. L., Su, J. F., Luo, H., and Wang, H. F. [Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on tumor microenvironment T-lymphocyte subsets and dendritic cells in H22-bearing mice]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Xue.Bao. 2005;3:374-377. View abstract.
  45. Gong, H., Shen, P., Jin, L., Xing, C., and Tang, F. Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on irradiation or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressive mice. Cancer Biother.Radiopharm. 2005;20:155-162. View abstract.
  46. Zhang, M., Chen, H., Huang, J., Li, Z., Zhu, C., and Zhang, S. Effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharide on human hepatoma QGY7703 cells: inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Life Sci 3-18-2005;76:2115-2124. View abstract.
  47. Hai-Yang, G., Ping, S., Li, J. I., Chang-Hong, X., and Fu, T. Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on mitomycin C (MMC)-induced myelosuppressive mice. J Exp Ther Oncol 2004;4:181-187. View abstract.
  48. Cheng, C. Y., Chung, W. Y., Szeto, Y. T., and Benzie, I. F. Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial. Br.J Nutr. 2005;93:123-130. View abstract.
  49. Zhao, H., Alexeev, A., Chang, E., Greenburg, G., and Bojanowski, K. Lycium barbarum glycoconjugates: effect on human skin and cultured dermal fibroblasts. Phytomedicine 2005;12(1-2):131-137. View abstract.
  50. Luo, Q., Cai, Y., Yan, J., Sun, M., and Corke, H. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci 11-26-2004;76:137-149. View abstract.
  51. Lee, D. G., Park, Y., Kim, M. R., Jung, H. J., Seu, Y. B., Hahm, K. S., and Woo, E. R. Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense. Biotechnol.Lett 2004;26:1125-1130. View abstract.
  52. Breithaupt, D. E., Weller, P., Wolters, M., and Hahn, A. Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Br.J Nutr. 2004;91:707-713. View abstract.
  53. Gan, L., Hua, Zhang S., Liang, Yang, X, and Bi, Xu H. Immunomodulation and antitumor activity by a polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004;4:563-569. View abstract.
  54. Toyoda-Ono, Y., Maeda, M., Nakao, M., Yoshimura, M., Sugiura-Tomimori, N., and Fukami, H. 2-O-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid, a novel ascorbic acid analogue isolated from Lycium fruit. J Agric Food Chem 4-7-2004;52:2092-2096. View abstract.
  55. Huang, X., Yang, M., Wu, X., and Yan, J. [Study on protective action of lycium barbarum polysaccharides on DNA imparments of testicle cells in mice]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 2003;32:599-601. View abstract.
  56. Luo, Q., Yan, J., and Zhang, S. [Isolation and purification of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides and its antifatigue effect]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 3-30-2000;29:115-117. View abstract.
  57. Gan, L., Wang, J., and Zhang, S. [Inhibition the growth of human leukemia cells by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 2001;30:333-335. View abstract.
  58. Liu, X. L., Sun, J. Y., Li, H. Y., Zhang, L., and Qian, B. C. [Extraction and isolation of active component for inhibiting PC3 cell proliferation in vitro from the fruit of Lycium barbarum L.]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2000;25:481-483. View abstract.
  59. Chin, Y. W., Lim, S. W., Kim, S. H., Shin, D. Y., Suh, Y. G., Kim, Y. B., Kim, Y. C., and Kim, J. Hepatoprotective pyrrole derivatives of Lycium chinense fruits. Bioorg.Med Chem Lett 1-6-2003;13:79-81. View abstract.
  60. Wang, Y., Zhao, H., Sheng, X., Gambino, P. E., Costello, B., and Bojanowski, K. Protective effect of Fructus Lycii polysaccharides against time and hyperthermia-induced damage in cultured seminiferous epithelium. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;82(2-3):169-175. View abstract.
  61. Huang, Y., Lu, J., Shen, Y., and Lu, J. [The protective effects of total flavonoids from Lycium Barbarum L. on lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria and red blood cell in rats]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 3-30-1999;28:115-116. View abstract.
  62. Kim, H. P., Lee, E. J., Kim, Y. C., Kim, J., Kim, H. K., Park, J. H., Kim, S. Y., and Kim, Y. C. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense fruit reduces experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002;25:390-392. View abstract.
  63. Kim, S. Y., Lee, E. J., Kim, H. P., Kim, Y. C., Moon, A., and Kim, Y. C. A novel cerebroside from lycii fructus preserves the hepatic glutathione redox system in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999;22:873-875. View abstract.
  64. Fu, J. X. [Measurement of MEFV in 66 cases of asthma in the convalescent stage and after treatment with Chinese herbs]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1989;9:658-9, 644. View abstract.
  65. Weller, P. and Breithaupt, D. E. Identification and quantification of zeaxanthin esters in plants using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J.Agric.Food Chem. 11-19-2003;51:7044-7049. View abstract.
  66. Gomez-Bernal, S., Rodriguez-Pazos, L., Martinez, F. J., Ginarte, M., Rodriguez-Granados, M. T., and Toribio, J. Systemic photosensitivity due to Goji berries. Photodermatol.Photoimmunol.Photomed. 2011;27:245-247. View abstract.
  67. Larramendi, C. H., Garcia-Abujeta, J. L., Vicario, S., Garcia-Endrino, A., Lopez-Matas, M. A., Garcia-Sedeno, M. D., and Carnes, J. Goji berries (Lycium barbarum): risk of allergic reactions in individuals with food allergy. J.Investig.Allergol.Clin.Immunol. 2012;22:345-350. View abstract.
  68. Carnes, J., de Larramendi, C. H., Ferrer, A., Huertas, A. J., Lopez-Matas, M. A., Pagan, J. A., Navarro, L. A., Garcia-Abujeta, J. L., Vicario, S., and Pena, M. Recently introduced foods as new allergenic sources: sensitisation to Goji berries (Lycium barbarum). Food Chem. 4-15-2013;137(1-4):130-135. View abstract.
  69. Rivera, C. A., Ferro, C. L., Bursua, A. J., and Gerber, B. S. Probable interaction between Lycium barbarum (goji) and warfarin. Pharmacotherapy 2012;32:e50-e53. View abstract.
  70. Amagase H, Nance DM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study of the general effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum (goji) juice, GoChi. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14:403-12. View abstract.
  71. Leung H, Hung A, Hui AC, Chan TY. Warfarin overdose due to the possible effects of Lycium barbarum L. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:1860-2. View abstract.
  72. Lam AY, Elmer GW, Mohutsky MA. Possible interaction between warfarin and Lycium Barbarum. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1199-201. View abstract.
  73. Huang KC. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1999.
  74. Kim SY, Lee EJ, Kim HP, et al. LCC, a cerebroside from lycium chinense, protects primary cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to galactosamine. Phytother Res 2000;14:448-51. View abstract.
  75. Cao GW, Yang WG, Du P. [Observation of the effects of LAK/IL-2 therapy combining with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in the treatment of 75 cancer patients]. Chung Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih 1994;16:428-31. View abstract.
  76. Agricultural Research Service. Dr. Duke's phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases. www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/farmacy2.pl?575 (Accessed 31 January 2001).
  77. Chevallier A. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. 2nd ed. New York, NY: DK Publ, Inc., 2000.
  78. Law M. Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. BMJ 2000;320:861-4. View abstract.
  79. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
Last reviewed - 01/04/2024