Description
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a disorder in which many tiny fragments (microliths) of a compound called calcium phosphate gradually accumulate in the small air sacs (alveoli) located throughout the lungs. These deposits eventually cause widespread damage to the alveoli and surrounding lung tissue (interstitial lung disease) that leads to breathing problems. People with this disorder can develop a persistent cough and difficulty breathing (dyspnea), especially during physical exertion. Affected individuals may also experience chest pain that worsens when coughing, sneezing, or taking deep breaths.
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is usually diagnosed before age 40. Often the disorder is discovered before symptoms develop, when medical imaging is done for other reasons. The condition typically worsens slowly over many years, although some affected individuals have signs and symptoms that remain stable for long periods of time.
People with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis can also develop calcium phosphate deposits in other organs and tissues of the body, including the kidneys, gallbladder, testes, and the valve that connects a large blood vessel called the aorta with the heart (the aortic valve). In rare cases, affected individuals have complications related to accumulation of these deposits, such as a narrowing (stenosis) of the aortic valve that can impede normal blood flow.
Frequency
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare disorder; its prevalence is unknown. More than 1,000 affected individuals have been described in the medical literature, of whom more than half are from Turkey, China, Japan, India, or Italy. The remainder come from populations worldwide.
Causes
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is caused by mutations in the SLC34A2 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the type IIb sodium-phosphate cotransporter, which plays a role in the regulation of phosphate levels (phosphate homeostasis). Although this protein can be found in several organs and tissues in the body, it is located mainly in the lungs, specifically in cells in the alveoli called alveolar type II cells. These cells produce and recycle surfactant, which is a mixture of certain phosphate-containing fats (called phospholipids) and proteins that lines the lung tissue and makes breathing easy.
The recycling of surfactant releases phosphate into the alveoli. Research suggests that the type IIb sodium-phosphate cotransporter normally helps clear this phosphate. SLC34A2 gene mutations are thought to impair the activity of the type IIb sodium-phosphate cotransporter, resulting in the accumulation of phosphate in the alveoli. The accumulated phosphate forms the microliths that cause the signs and symptoms of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.
Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
Other Names for This Condition
- PAM
Additional Information & Resources
Genetic Testing Information
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
Scientific Articles on PubMed
References
- Castellana G, Castellana G, Gentile M, Castellana R, Resta O. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: review of the 1022 cases reported worldwide. Eur Respir Rev. 2015 Dec;24(138):607-20. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0036-2015. Citation on PubMed
- Ferreira Francisco FA, Pereira e Silva JL, Hochhegger B, Zanetti G, Marchiori E. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. State-of-the-art review. Respir Med. 2013 Jan;107(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.10.014. Epub 2012 Nov 23. Citation on PubMed
- Huqun, Izumi S, Miyazawa H, Ishii K, Uchiyama B, Ishida T, Tanaka S, Tazawa R, Fukuyama S, Tanaka T, Nagai Y, Yokote A, Takahashi H, Fukushima T, Kobayashi K, Chiba H, Nagata M, Sakamoto S, Nakata K, Takebayashi Y, Shimizu Y, Kaneko K, Shimizu M, Kanazawa M, Abe S, Inoue Y, Takenoshita S, Yoshimura K, Kudo K, Tachibana T, Nukiwa T, Hagiwara K. Mutations in the SLC34A2 gene are associated with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb 1;175(3):263-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200609-1274OC. Epub 2006 Nov 9. Citation on PubMed
- Jonsson AL, Simonsen U, Hilberg O, Bendstrup E. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: two case reports and review of the literature. Eur Respir Rev. 2012 Sep 1;21(125):249-56. doi: 10.1183/09059180.00009411. Citation on PubMed
- Mehta K, Dell S, Birken C, Al-Saleh S. Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis. Can Respir J. 2016;2016:4938632. doi: 10.1155/2016/4938632. Epub 2016 Mar 31. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Proesmans M, Boon M, Verbeken E, Ozcelik U, Kiper N, Van de Casseye W, De Boeck K. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr. 2012 Jul;171(7):1069-72. doi: 10.1007/s00431-012-1678-8. Epub 2012 Feb 4. Citation on PubMed
- Saito A, McCormack FX. Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis. Clin Chest Med. 2016 Sep;37(3):441-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.04.007. Epub 2016 Jun 24. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Yin X, Wang H, Wu D, Zhao G, Shao J, Dai Y. SLC34A2 Gene mutation of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: report of four cases and review of literatures. Respir Med. 2013 Feb;107(2):217-22. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.10.016. Epub 2012 Nov 17. Citation on PubMed
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