Description
Glycogen storage disease type V (also known as GSDV or McArdle disease) is an inherited disorder caused by an inability to break down a complex sugar called glycogen in muscle cells. A lack of glycogen breakdown interferes with the function of muscle cells.
People with GSDV typically experience fatigue, muscle pain, and cramps during the first few minutes of exercise (exercise intolerance). Exercise such as weight lifting or jogging usually triggers these symptoms in affected individuals. The discomfort is generally alleviated with rest. If individuals rest after brief exercise and wait for their pain to go away, they can usually resume exercising with little or no discomfort (a characteristic phenomenon known as "second wind").
Prolonged or intense exercise can cause muscle damage in people with GSDV. About half of people with GSDV experience breakdown of muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis). In severe episodes, the destruction of muscle tissue releases a protein called myoglobin, which is filtered through the kidneys and released in the urine (myoglobinuria). Myoglobin causes the urine to be red or brown. This protein can also damage the kidneys, and it is estimated that half of those individuals with GSDV who have myoglobinuria will develop life-threatening kidney failure.
The signs and symptoms of GSDV can vary significantly in affected individuals. The features of this condition typically begin in a person's teens or twenties, but they can appear anytime from infancy to adulthood. In most people with GSDV, the muscle weakness worsens over time; however, in about one-third of affected individuals, the muscle weakness is stable. Some people with GSDV experience mild symptoms such as poor stamina; others do not experience any symptoms.
Frequency
GSDV is a rare disorder; however, its prevalence is unknown. In the Dallas-Fort Worth area of Texas, where the prevalence of GSDV has been studied, the condition is estimated to affect 1 in 100,000 individuals.
Causes
Mutations in the PYGM gene cause GSDV. The PYGM gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called myophosphorylase. This enzyme is found only in muscle cells, where it breaks down glycogen into a simpler sugar called glucose-1-phosphate. Additional steps convert glucose-1-phosphate into glucose, a simple sugar that is the main energy source for most cells.
PYGM gene mutations prevent myophosphorylase from breaking down glycogen effectively. As a result, muscle cells cannot produce enough energy, so muscles become easily fatigued. Reduced energy production in muscle cells leads to the major features of GSDV.
Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
Other Names for This Condition
- Glycogen storage disease type 5
- Glycogenosis 5
- GSD type V
- GSD V
- McArdle disease
- McArdle syndrome
- McArdle type glycogen storage disease
- McArdle's disease
- Muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency
- Muscle phosphorylase deficiency
- Myophosphorylase deficiency
- PYGM deficiency
Additional Information & Resources
Genetic Testing Information
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources
Clinical Trials
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
Scientific Articles on PubMed
References
- Aquaron R, Berge-Lefranc JL, Pellissier JF, Montfort MF, Mayan M, Figarella-Branger D, Coquet M, Serratrice G, Pouget J. Molecular characterization of myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease) in 34 patients from Southern France: identification of 10 new mutations. Absence of genotype-phenotype correlation. Neuromuscul Disord. 2007 Mar;17(3):235-41. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.12.014. Epub 2007 Feb 26. Citation on PubMed
- Bruno C, Cassandrini D, Martinuzzi A, Toscano A, Moggio M, Morandi L, Servidei S, Mongini T, Angelini C, Musumeci O, Comi GP, Lamperti C, Filosto M, Zara F, Minetti C. McArdle disease: the mutation spectrum of PYGM in a large Italian cohort. Hum Mutat. 2006 Jul;27(7):718. doi: 10.1002/humu.9434. Citation on PubMed
- Deschauer M, Morgenroth A, Joshi PR, Glaser D, Chinnery PF, Aasly J, Schreiber H, Knape M, Zierz S, Vorgerd M. Analysis of spectrum and frequencies of mutations in McArdle disease. Identification of 13 novel mutations. J Neurol. 2007 Jun;254(6):797-802. doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0447-x. Epub 2007 Apr 3. Citation on PubMed
- Gurgel-Giannetti J, Nogales-Gadea G, van der Linden H Jr, Bellard TM, Brasileiro Filho G, Giannetti AV, de Castro Concentino EL, Vainzof M. Clinical and molecular characterization of McArdle's disease in Brazilian patients. Neuromolecular Med. 2013 Sep;15(3):470-5. doi: 10.1007/s12017-013-8233-2. Epub 2013 May 8. Citation on PubMed
- Lucia A, Nogales-Gadea G, Perez M, Martin MA, Andreu AL, Arenas J. McArdle disease: what do neurologists need to know? Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008 Oct;4(10):568-77. doi: 10.1038/ncpneuro0913. Citation on PubMed
- Lucia A, Ruiz JR, Santalla A, Nogales-Gadea G, Rubio JC, Garcia-Consuegra I, Cabello A, Perez M, Teijeira S, Vieitez I, Navarro C, Arenas J, Martin MA, Andreu AL. Genotypic and phenotypic features of McArdle disease: insights from the Spanish national registry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;83(3):322-8. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301593. Epub 2012 Jan 16. Citation on PubMed
- Rubio JC, Garcia-Consuegra I, Nogales-Gadea G, Blazquez A, Cabello A, Lucia A, Andreu AL, Arenas J, Martin MA. A proposed molecular diagnostic flowchart for myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease) in blood samples from Spanish patients. Hum Mutat. 2007 Feb;28(2):203-4. doi: 10.1002/humu.9474. Citation on PubMed
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