Description
Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia is a rare inherited condition characterized by abnormally thick bones and a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). Signs and symptoms of the condition become apparent in early childhood.
In affected individuals, the long bones in the arms and legs are unusually dense and wide. The bone changes specifically affect the shafts of the long bones, called diaphyses, and areas near the ends of the bones called metaphyses. The bone abnormalities can lead to bowing of the legs and difficulty walking.
Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia also causes scarring (fibrosis) of the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside long bones where blood cells are formed. The abnormal bone marrow cannot produce enough red blood cells, which leads to anemia. Signs and symptoms of anemia that have been reported in people with Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia include extremely pale skin (pallor) and excessive tiredness (fatigue).
Frequency
Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia is a rare disorder; only a few cases have been reported in the medical literature. Most affected individuals have been from the Middle East and India.
Causes
Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia results from mutations in the TBXAS1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called thromboxane A synthase 1, which acts as part of a chemical signaling pathway involved in normal blood clotting (hemostasis). Based on its role in Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia, researchers suspect that thromboxane A synthase 1 may also be important for bone remodeling, which is a normal process in which old bone is removed and new bone is created to replace it, and for the production of red blood cells in bone marrow.
Mutations in the TBXAS1 gene severely reduce the activity of thromboxane A synthase 1. Studies suggest that a lack of this enzyme's activity may lead to abnormal bone remodeling and fibrosis of the bone marrow. However, the mechanism by which a shortage of thromboxane A synthase 1 activity leads to the particular abnormalities characteristic of Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia is unclear.
Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
Other Names for This Condition
- Diaphyseal dysplasia associated with anemia
- GHDD
- Ghosal hemato-diaphyseal dysplasia
- Ghosal syndrome
- Ghosal-type hemato-diaphyseal dysplasia
Additional Information & Resources
Genetic Testing Information
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
Scientific Articles on PubMed
References
- Genevieve D, Proulle V, Isidor B, Bellais S, Serre V, Djouadi F, Picard C, Vignon-Savoye C, Bader-Meunier B, Blanche S, de Vernejoul MC, Legeai-Mallet L, Fischer AM, Le Merrer M, Dreyfus M, Gaussem P, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V. Thromboxane synthase mutations in an increased bone density disorder (Ghosal syndrome). Nat Genet. 2008 Mar;40(3):284-6. doi: 10.1038/ng.2007.66. Epub 2008 Feb 10. Citation on PubMed
- Ghosal SP, Mukherjee AK, Mukherjee D, Ghosh AK. Diaphyseal dysplasia associated with anemia. J Pediatr. 1988 Jul;113(1 Pt 1):49-57. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80527-4. Erratum In: J Pediatr 1988 Aug;113(2):410. Citation on PubMed
- Gumruk F, Besim A, Altay C. Ghosal haemato-diaphyseal dysplasia: a new disorder. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Mar;152(3):218-21. doi: 10.1007/BF01956148. Citation on PubMed
- Isidor B, Dagoneau N, Huber C, Genevieve D, Bader-Meunier B, Blanche S, Picard C, De Vernejoul MC, Munnich A, Le Merrer M, Cormier-Daire V. A gene responsible for Ghosal hemato-diaphyseal dysplasia maps to chromosome 7q33-34. Hum Genet. 2007 Apr;121(2):269-73. doi: 10.1007/s00439-006-0311-1. Epub 2007 Jan 3. Citation on PubMed
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