Description
Char syndrome is a condition that affects the development of the face, heart, and limbs. It is characterized by a combination of three major features: a distinctive facial appearance, a heart defect called patent ductus arteriosus, and hand abnormalities.
Most people with Char syndrome have a characteristic facial appearance that includes flattened cheek bones and a flat nasal bridge (the area of the nose between the eyes). The tip of the nose is also flat and broad. The eyes are wide-set with droopy eyelids (ptosis) and outside corners that point downward (down-slanting palpebral fissures). Additional facial differences include a shortened distance between the nose and upper lip (a short philtrum), a triangular-shaped mouth, and thick, prominent lips.
Patent ductus arteriosus is a common heart defect in newborns, and it occurs in most babies with Char syndrome. Before birth, the ductus arteriosus forms a connection between two major arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery). This connection normally closes shortly after birth, but it remains open in babies with patent ductus arteriosus. If untreated, this heart defect causes infants to breathe rapidly, feed poorly, and gain weight slowly. In severe cases, it can lead to heart failure. People with patent ductus arteriosus also have an increased risk of infection.
Hand abnormalities are another feature of Char syndrome. In most people with this condition, the middle section of the fifth (pinky) finger is shortened or absent. Other abnormalities of the hands and feet have been reported but are less common.
Frequency
Char syndrome is rare, although its exact incidence is unknown. Only a few families with this condition have been identified worldwide.
Causes
Variants (also known as mutations) in the TFAP2B gene cause Char syndrome. This gene provides instructions for making a protein known as transcription factor AP-2β. A transcription factor is a protein that attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. Transcription factor AP-2β regulates genes that are involved in development before birth. In particular, this protein appears to play a role in the normal formation of structures in the face, heart, and limbs.
TFAP2B variants alter the structure of transcription factor AP-2β. Some of these variants prevent the protein from binding to DNA, while other variants render it unable to regulate the activity of other genes. A loss of this protein's function disrupts the normal development of several parts of the body before birth, resulting in the major features of Char syndrome.
Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
In some cases, an affected person inherits the variant from one affected parent
. Other cases may result from new variants
in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
Other Names for This Condition
- Patent ductus arteriosus with facial dysmorphism and abnormal fifth digits
Additional Information & Resources
Genetic Testing Information
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
Scientific Articles on PubMed
References
- Gelb BD. Char Syndrome. 2003 Aug 15 [updated 2020 May 21]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1106/ Citation on PubMed
- Mani A, Radhakrishnan J, Farhi A, Carew KS, Warnes CA, Nelson-Williams C, Day RW, Pober B, State MW, Lifton RP. Syndromic patent ductus arteriosus: evidence for haploinsufficient TFAP2B mutations and identification of a linked sleep disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 22;102(8):2975-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409852102. Epub 2005 Jan 31. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Satoda M, Pierpont ME, Diaz GA, Bornemeier RA, Gelb BD. Char syndrome, an inherited disorder with patent ductus arteriosus, maps to chromosome 6p12-p21. Circulation. 1999 Jun 15;99(23):3036-42. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.99.23.3036. Citation on PubMed
- Satoda M, Zhao F, Diaz GA, Burn J, Goodship J, Davidson HR, Pierpont ME, Gelb BD. Mutations in TFAP2B cause Char syndrome, a familial form of patent ductus arteriosus. Nat Genet. 2000 May;25(1):42-6. doi: 10.1038/75578. Citation on PubMed
- Slavotinek A, Clayton-Smith J, Super M. Familial patent ductus arteriosus: a further case of CHAR syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1997 Aug 8;71(2):229-32. Citation on PubMed
- Sweeney E, Fryer A, Walters M. Char syndrome: a new family and review of the literature emphasising the presence of symphalangism and the variable phenotype. Clin Dysmorphol. 2000 Jul;9(3):177-82. doi: 10.1097/00019605-200009030-00005. Citation on PubMed
- Zannolli R, Mostardini R, Matera M, Pucci L, Gelb BD, Morgese G. Char syndrome: an additional family with polythelia, a new finding. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Nov 27;95(3):201-3. doi: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001127)95:33.0.co;2-w. Citation on PubMed
- Zhao F, Weismann CG, Satoda M, Pierpont ME, Sweeney E, Thompson EM, Gelb BD. Novel TFAP2B mutations that cause Char syndrome provide a genotype-phenotype correlation. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Oct;69(4):695-703. doi: 10.1086/323410. Epub 2001 Aug 14. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
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