Adult polyglucosan body disease

Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is a condition that affects the nervous system. People with APBD typically first experience signs and symptoms related to the condition between ages 35 and 60. Initial symptoms of the disorder include numbness and tingling in the legs (peripheral neuropathy) and progressive muscle weakness and stiffness (spasticity). As a result, affected individuals can have an unsteady gait, poor balance, and an increased risk of falling.

Damage to the nerves that control bladder function, a condition called neurogenic bladder, is another feature that often occurs early in the course of APBD. Affected individuals have increasing difficulty starting or stopping the flow of urine.

Eventually, most people with APBD lose the ability to control their bladder and bowel functions and their limbs. Damage to the autonomic nervous system, which controls body functions that are mostly involuntary, leads to problems with blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, digestion, temperature regulation, and sexual response, and results in daily bouts of exhaustion. About half of people with APBD experience a decline in intellectual function (dementia).

APBD is a rare condition, although its exact prevalence is unknown. Approximately 200 affected individuals have been diagnosed worldwide. Recently these have included younger individuals who have not yet experienced signs or symptoms but who are diagnosed in the course of genetic screening when considering parenthood. Researchers suspect that the disorder may be underdiagnosed.

Mutations in the GBE1 gene cause APBD. The GBE1 gene provides instructions for making the glycogen branching enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the production of a complex sugar called glycogen, which is a major source of stored energy in the body. Most GBE1 gene mutations that cause APBD result in a shortage (deficiency) of the glycogen branching enzyme, which leads to the production of abnormal glycogen molecules. These abnormal glycogen molecules, called polyglucosan bodies, accumulate within cells and cause damage. Nerve cells (neurons) appear to be particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of polyglucosan bodies in people with this disorder, leading to impaired neuronal function.

Some mutations in the GBE1 gene that cause APBD do not result in a shortage of glycogen branching enzyme. In people with these mutations, the activity of this enzyme is normal. How mutations cause the disease in these individuals is unclear. Other people with APBD do not have identified mutations in the GBE1 gene. In these individuals, the cause of the disease is unknown.

Genetic Testing Information

• Genetic Testing Registry: Adult polyglucosan body disease

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

• Adult polyglucosan body disease

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

Clinical Trials

• ClinicalTrials.gov

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

• POLYGLUCOSAN BODY NEUROPATHY, ADULT FORM; APBN

Scientific Articles on PubMed

• PubMed

• Akman HO, Lossos A, Kakhlon O. GBE1 Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease. 2009 Apr 2 [updated 2020 Sep 17]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5300/ Citation on PubMed
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• Milde P, Guccion JG, Kelly J, Locatelli E, Jones RV. Adult polyglucosan body disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001 Apr;125(4):519-22. doi: 10.5858/2001-125-0519-APBD. Citation on PubMed
• Mochel F, Schiffmann R, Steenweg ME, Akman HO, Wallace M, Sedel F, Laforet P, Levy R, Powers JM, Demeret S, Maisonobe T, Froissart R, Da Nobrega BB, Fogel BL, Natowicz MR, Lubetzki C, Durr A, Brice A, Rosenmann H, Barash V, Kakhlon O, Gomori JM, van der Knaap MS, Lossos A. Adult polyglucosan body disease: Natural History and Key Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings. Ann Neurol. 2012 Sep;72(3):433-41. doi: 10.1002/ana.23598. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Savage G, Ray F, Halmagyi M, Blazely A, Harper C. Stable neuropsychological deficits in adult polyglucosan body disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2007 May;14(5):473-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2006.03.001. Epub 2006 May 30. Citation on PubMed
• Sindern E, Ziemssen F, Ziemssen T, Podskarbi T, Shin Y, Brasch F, Muller KM, Schroder JM, Malin JP, Vorgerd M. Adult polyglucosan body disease: a postmortem correlation study. Neurology. 2003 Jul 22;61(2):263-5. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000073144.96680.cb. Citation on PubMed